Chyka PA. Androgenic-anabolic steroids. In: Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, et al, eds. Clinical toxicology. New York, NY: WB Saunders; 2001:595-601.
Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34:513-554.
Dhar R, Stout CW, Link MS, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities of performance-enhancing substances in sports. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:1307-1315.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research report series: anabolic steroid abuse. NIH Publication 06-3721. August 2006. http://www.drugabuse.gov/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).
Brower KJ. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002;4:377-387.
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2013.
2. Catlin DH, Hatton CK. Use and abuse of anabolic and other drugs for athletic enhancement. Adv Intern Med. 1991;36:399-424.
3. Prendergast HM, Bannen T, Erickson TB, et al. The toxic torch of the modern Olympic Games. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003;45:97-102.
4. Catlin DH, Kammerer RC, Hatton CK, et al. Analytical chemistry at the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984. Clin Chem. 1987;33:319-327.
5. Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med. 2002;32:285-296.
6. Yesalis CE 3rd, Herrick RT, Buckley WE, et al. Self-reported use of anabolic-androgenic steroids by elite power lifters. Phys Sportsmed. 1988;16:91-100.
7. Dezelsky TL, Toohey JV, Shaw RS. Non-medical drug use behaviour at five United States universities: a 15-year study. Bull Narc. 1985;37:49-53.
8. Chyka PA. Androgenic-anabolic steroids. In: Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, et al, eds. Clinical toxicology. New York, NY: WB Saunders; 2001:595-601.
9. Korkia P, Stimson GV. Indications of prevalence, practice and effects of anabolic steroid abuse in Great Britain. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18:557-562.
10. Tahtamouni LH, Mustafa NH, Alfaouri AA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse among Jordanian collegiate students and athletes. Eur J Public Health. 2008;18:661-665.
11. Rachoń D, Pokrywka L, Suchecka-Rachoń K. Prevalence and risk factors of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse among adolescents and young adults in Poland. Soz Praventivmed. 2006;51:392-398.
12. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al; University of Michigan News Service: Ann Arbor, MI. Teen marijuana use tilts up, while some drugs decline in use. December 2009. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org (last accessed 27 August 2017).
13. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Monitoring the future: national results on adolescent drug use. Overview of key findings, 2011. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research; 2012.
14. NIDA for Teens. Anabolic steroids. May 2015. http://teens.drugabuse.gov/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).
15. Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006;55:1-108.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012;61:1-162.
17. Kanayama G, Boynes M, Hudson JI, et al. Anabolic steroid abuse among teenage girls: an illusory problem? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88:156-162.
18. US Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. Anabolic steroids: hidden dangers. March 2004. http://taadas.org/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).
19. Buckley WE, Yesalis CE 3rd, Friedl KE, et al. Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors. JAMA. 1988;260:3441-3445.
21. Petersson A, Bengtsson J, Voltaire-Carlsson A, et al. Substance abusers’ motives for using anabolic androgenic steroids. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;111:170-172.
22. Hakansson A, Mickelsson K, Wallin C, et al. Anabolic androgenic steroids in the general population: user characteristics and associations with substance use. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18:83-90.
23. Lindqvist AS, Moberg T, Eriksson BO, et al. A retrospective 30-year follow-up study of former Swedish-elite male athletes in power sports with a past anabolic androgenic steroids use: a focus on mental health. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:965-969.
24. Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34:513-554.
25. Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse: a looming public health concern? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;98:1-12.
26. Dhar R, Stout CW, Link MS, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities of performance-enhancing substances in sports. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:1307-1315.
27. Maior AS, Carvalho AR, Marques-Neto SR, et al. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in anabolic steroid users. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23:548-555.
28. Blashill AJ, Safren SA. Sexual orientation and anabolic-androgenic steroids in U.S. adolescent boys. Pediatrics. 2014;133:469-475.
29. Pope HG Jr, Phillips KA, Olivardia R. The Adonis complex: the secret crisis of male body obsession. New York, NY: Free Press; 2000.
30. Leone JE, Sedory EJ, Gray KA. Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders. J Athl Train. 2005;40:352-359.
31. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research report series: anabolic steroid abuse. NIH Publication 06-3721. August 2006. http://www.drugabuse.gov/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).
32. Pope HG Jr, Kouri EM, Hudson JI. Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:133-140.
33. Su TP, Pagliaro M, Schmidt PJ, et al. Neuropsychiatric effects of anabolic steroids in male normal volunteers. JAMA. 1993;269:2760-2764.
34. Yates WR, Perry PJ, MacIndoe J, et al. Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:254-260.
35. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1-7.
36. O'Connor DB, Archer J, Hair WM, et al. Exogenous testosterone, aggression, and mood in eugonadal and hypogonadal men. Physiol Behav. 2002;75:557-566.
37. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281:E1172-E1181.
38. Pope HG Jr, Katz D. Psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids. Psychiatr Ann. 1992;22:24-29.
39. Clark AS, Henderson LP. Behavioral and physiological responses to anabolic-androgenic steroids. Neurosci Behav Rev. 2003;27:413-436.
40. Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ. Psychiatric complications of anabolic steroid abuse. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:285-290.
41. Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, et al. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal. 2011;3:1-14.
42. Golestani R, Slart RH, Dullaart RP, et al. Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: pathophysiology imaging. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42:795-803.
43. Brower KJ. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002;4:377-387.
44. Brower KJ. Clinical assessment and treatment of anabolic steroid users. Psychiatr Ann. 1992;22:35-40.
45. Dickerman RD, Pertusi RM, Zachariah NY, et al. Anabolic steroid-induced hepatotoxicity: is it overstated? Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9:34-39.
46. Basaria S. Androgen abuse in athletes: detection and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:1533-1543.
47. Abushareeda W, Fragkaki A, Vonaparti A, et al. Advances in the detection of designer steroids in anti-doping. Bioanalysis. 2014;6:881-896.
48. Kanayama G, Brower KJ, Wood RI, et al. Treatment of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: emerging evidence and its implications. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;109:6-13.
49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Needle and syringe programmes. March 2014. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).
50. Wood RI. Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2008;29:490-506.
51. Peters KD, Wood RI. Androgen dependence in hamsters: overdose, tolerance, and potential opioidergic mechanisms. Neuroscience. 2005;130:971-981.
52. Far HR, Ågren G, Thiblin I. Cardiac hypertrophy in deceased users of anabolic androgenic steroids: an investigation of autopsy findings. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2012;21:312-316.
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台