肋骨骨折最常见于机动车事故 (MVA)、摔倒、遭到殴打和工业事故。[1]Sirmali M, Türüt H, Topçu S, et al. A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24:133-138.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/133.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853057?tool=bestpractice.com连枷胸定义为连续节段性(即同一肋骨多处骨折)同侧肋骨骨折。这些骨折常因高能 MVA 所致,并伴随致使发病率和死亡率升高的合并伤。[6]Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ. The management of flail chest. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17:25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17650694?tool=bestpractice.com驾驶杆的明显侵入表明胸廓遭受了巨大外力。
外伤性骨折也可由心肺复苏术导致,见于 13% 至 97% 的患者。然而,儿童在心肺复苏术后的肋骨骨折发病率估计为 < 2%。[5]Hoke RS, Chamberlain D. Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004;63:327-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582769?tool=bestpractice.com
若无严重外伤,82% 的婴儿和幼儿骨折均是由非意外伤害直接导致。[2]Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/105/4/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10742369?tool=bestpractice.com在所有骨骼损伤中,身体虐待导致肋骨骨折的可能性最高。[3]Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008;337:a1518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563260/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832412?tool=bestpractice.com
肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和肝癌转移也可累及肋骨,占转移性病变的 12.6%。[7]Xu DL, Zhang XT, Wang GH, et al. Clinical features of pathologically confirmed metastatic bone tumors: a report of 390 cases [in Chinese]. Ai Zheng. 2005;24:1404-1407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552972?tool=bestpractice.com此外,许多原发性骨肿瘤也会表现为病理性肋骨骨折,包括骨软骨瘤、内生软骨瘤、浆细胞瘤、软骨肉瘤和骨肉瘤;其中,恶性病变约占 37%。[8]Aydoğdu K, Findik G, Agackiran Y, et al. Primary tumors of the ribs; experience with 78 patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:251-254.http://icvts.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/reprint/9/2/251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447801?tool=bestpractice.com
应力性骨折可由剧烈咳嗽和体育运动导致。常见于高尔夫选手、棒球选手和竞技性赛艇选手。[4]Dragoni S, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, et al. Stress fractures of the ribs in elite competitive rowers: a report of nine cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:951-954.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17661027?tool=bestpractice.com2% 至 12% 的赛艇选手会因胸腔周期性负荷出现肋骨应力性骨折。[15]Smoljanović T, Bojanić I, Troha I, et al. Rib stress fractures in rowers: three case reports and review of literature [in Croatian]. Lijec Vjesn. 2007;129:327-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18257332?tool=bestpractice.com
随着年龄的增长,脆性骨折的绝对风险与患者的骨矿物质密度成反比,这类骨折中约 27% 可见于肋骨。[9]Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, and relative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50-99: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:565-574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16392027?tool=bestpractice.com