肋骨骨折

Sirmali M, Türüt H, Topçu S, et al. A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24:133-138.

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Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ. The management of flail chest. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17:25-33.

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Demirhan R, Onan B, Oz K, et al. Comprehensive analysis of 4205 patients with chest trauma: a 10-year experience. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:450-453.

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American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: rib fractures. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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Simon B, Ebert J, Bokhari F, et al; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Management of pulmonary contusion and flail chest: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S351-S361.

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Leinicke JA, Elmore L, Freeman BD, et al. Operative management of rib fractures in the setting of flail chest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013;258:914-921.

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1.  Sirmali M, Türüt H, Topçu S, et al. A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24:133-138.

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2.  Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e48.

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3.  Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008;337:a1518.

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4.  Dragoni S, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, et al. Stress fractures of the ribs in elite competitive rowers: a report of nine cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:951-954.

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5.  Hoke RS, Chamberlain D. Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004;63:327-338.

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6.  Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ. The management of flail chest. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17:25-33.

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7.  Xu DL, Zhang XT, Wang GH, et al. Clinical features of pathologically confirmed metastatic bone tumors: a report of 390 cases [in Chinese]. Ai Zheng. 2005;24:1404-1407.

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8.  Aydoğdu K, Findik G, Agackiran Y, et al. Primary tumors of the ribs; experience with 78 patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:251-254.

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9.  Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, and relative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50-99: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:565-574.

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10.  Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S, et al. Epidemiology of minimal trauma rib fractures in the elderly. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998;62:274-277.

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11.  Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Kozar RA, et al. Morbidity from rib fractures increases after age 45. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196:549-555.

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12.  Kent R, Woods W, Bostrom O. Fatality risk and the presence of rib fractures. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2008;52:73-82.

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13.  Keel M, Meier C. Chest injuries - what is new? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13:674-679.

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14.  Liman ST, Kuzucu A, Tastepe AI, et al. Chest injury due to blunt trauma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23:374-378.

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15.  Smoljanović T, Bojanić I, Troha I, et al. Rib stress fractures in rowers: three case reports and review of literature [in Croatian]. Lijec Vjesn. 2007;129:327-332.

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16.  Gupta A, Jamshidi M, Rubin JR. Traumatic first rib fracture: is angiography necessary? A review of 730 cases. Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;5:48-53.

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17.  Fermanis GG, Deane SA, Fitzgerald PM. The significance of first and second rib fractures. Aust N Z J Surg. 1985;55:383-386.

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18.  Poole GV. Fracture of the upper ribs and injury to the great vessels. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;169:275-282.

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19.  Sharma OP, Oswanski MF, Jolly S, et al. Perils of rib fractures. Am Surg. 2008;74:310-314.

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20.  Bensen R, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, et al. Evaluation of easily measured risk factors in the prediction of osteoporotic fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:47.

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21.  Ziegler DW, Agarwal NN. The morbidity and mortality of rib fractures. J Trauma. 1994;37:975-979.

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22.  Demirhan R, Onan B, Oz K, et al. Comprehensive analysis of 4205 patients with chest trauma: a 10-year experience. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:450-453.

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23.  Athanassiadi K, Gerazounis M, Theakos N. Management of 150 flail chest injuries: analysis of risk factors affecting outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26:373-376.

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24.  Rammohan G, Karbowitz SR. Spontaneous flail chest in multiple myeloma: successful recovery. N Y State J Med. 1981;81:235-236.

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25.  Bulger EM, Arneson MA, Mock CN, et al. Rib fractures in the elderly. J Trauma. 2000;48:1040-1047.

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26.  Testerman GM. Adverse outcomes in younger rib fracture patients. South Med J. 2006;99:335-339.

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27.  American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: rib fractures. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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28.  Livingston DH, Shogan B, John P, et al. CT diagnosis of rib fractures and the prediction of acute respiratory failure. J Trauma. 2008;64:905-911.

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29.  Bitschnau R, Gehmacher O, Kopf A, et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of rib and sternum fractures [in German]. Ultraschall Med. 1997;18:158-161.

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30.  Trupka A, Waydhas C, Hallfeldt KK, et al. Value of thoracic computed tomography in the first assessment of severely injured patients with blunt chest trauma: results of a prospective study. J Trauma. 1997;43:405-412.

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31.  Hurley ME, Keye GD, Hamilton S. Is ultrasound really helpful in the detection of rib fractures? Injury. 2004;35:562-566.

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32.  Richardson JD, Adams L, Flint LM. Selective management of flail chest and pulmonary contusion. Ann Surg. 1982;196:481-487.

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33.  Trinkle JK, Richardson JD, Franz JL, et al. Management of flail chest without mechanical ventilation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1975;19:355-363.

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34.  Reeder MT, Dick BH, Atkins JK, et al. Stress fractures: current concepts of diagnosis and treatment. Sports Med. 1996;22:198-212.

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35.  Farrell J, McCullough K, Morriss JM. Chest trauma. In: Hess DR, Kacmarek RM, eds. Essentials of mechanical ventilation. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2002:159-165.

36.  Simon B, Ebert J, Bokhari F, et al; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Management of pulmonary contusion and flail chest: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S351-S361.

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37.  Leinicke JA, Elmore L, Freeman BD, et al. Operative management of rib fractures in the setting of flail chest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013;258:914-921.

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38.  Marasco SF, Davies AR, Cooper J, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of operative rib fixation in traumatic flail chest. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216:924-932.

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39.  Karmakar MK, Ho AM. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs. J Trauma. 2003;54:615-625.

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40.  Oncel M, Sencan S, Yildiz H, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain management in patients with uncomplicated minor rib fractures. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22:13-17.

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41.  Carrier FM, Turgeon AF, Nicole PC, et al. Effect of epidural analgesia in patients with traumatic rib fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth. 2009;56:230-242.

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42.  Topçu I, Ekici Z, Sakarya M. Comparison of clinical effectiveness of thoracic epidural and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for the treatment of rib fractures pain in intensive care unit. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2007;13:205-210.

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43.  Nirula R, Allen B, Layman R, et al. Rib fracture stabilization in patients sustaining blunt chest injury. Am Surg. 2006;72:307-309.

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44.  Lardinois D, Krueger T, Dusmet M, et al. Pulmonary function testing after operative stabilisation of the chest wall for flail chest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:496-501.

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45.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insertion of metal rib reinforcements to stabilise a flail chest wall. October 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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46.  Cataneo AJ, Cataneo DC, de Oliveira FH, et al. Surgical versus nonsurgical interventions for flail chest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD009919.

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47.  Brasel KJ, Guse CE, Layde P, et al. Rib fractures: relationship with pneumonia and mortality. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1642-1646.

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48.  Kerr-Valentic MA, Arthur M, Mullins RJ, et al. Rib fracture pain and disability: can we do better? J Trauma. 2003;54:1058-1064.

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49.  Ho ML, Gutierrez FR. Chest radiography in thoracic polytrauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:599-612.

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50.  Zuidem W. Angle stable plate osteosynthesis for non-union of rib fractures. 2007. http://www.ispub.com (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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