案例#1
一名 40 岁男性发生了机动车事故。头部严重陷入发动机内,很长时间才从车内救出。到达急诊科时,患者沿颈部有“安全带标志性”挫伤,并出现呼吸短促。右胸壁触诊有压痛,右胸吸气及呼气时呈反常呼吸运动。
案例#2
一名 3 岁男孩由于易怒和胸痛去家庭医生处就诊。其母否认有任何已知的损伤,并且不清楚疾病加重因素。体格检查显示该儿童营养良好,无明显困扰。其臀部有两处小瘀青,左胸壁中部有一处小瘀青,触诊时压痛。除压痛外,其他检查结果正常。
其他表现
肋骨骨折可表现为多种不同形式。最常见的病因是机动车事故 (MVA)、摔倒、遭到殴打和工业事故。[1]Sirmali M, Türüt H, Topçu S, et al. A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24:133-138.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/133.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853057?tool=bestpractice.com然而,还应注意其他原因导致的肋骨骨折。若无严重外伤,82% 的婴儿和幼儿骨折均是由非意外伤害直接导致。[2]Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/105/4/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10742369?tool=bestpractice.com在所有骨骼损伤中,身体虐待导致肋骨骨折的可能性最高。[3]Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008;337:a1518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563260/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832412?tool=bestpractice.com应力性骨折常见于竞技性赛艇选手。[4]Dragoni S, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, et al. Stress fractures of the ribs in elite competitive rowers: a report of nine cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:951-954.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17661027?tool=bestpractice.com心肺复苏导致的外伤性骨折可见于 13% 至 97% 的患者。[5]Hoke RS, Chamberlain D. Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004;63:327-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582769?tool=bestpractice.com连枷胸定义为连续节段性(即同一肋骨多处骨折)同侧肋骨骨折。这些骨折常因高能 MVA 所致,并伴随致使发病率和死亡率升高的合并伤。[6]Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ. The management of flail chest. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007;17:25-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17650694?tool=bestpractice.com肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和肝癌转移也可累及肋骨,占转移性病变的 12.6%。[7]Xu DL, Zhang XT, Wang GH, et al. Clinical features of pathologically confirmed metastatic bone tumors: a report of 390 cases [in Chinese]. Ai Zheng. 2005;24:1404-1407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552972?tool=bestpractice.com此外,许多原发性骨肿瘤也会表现为病理性肋骨骨折,包括骨软骨瘤、内生软骨瘤、浆细胞瘤、软骨肉瘤和骨肉瘤。其中,恶性病变约占 37%。[8]Aydoğdu K, Findik G, Agackiran Y, et al. Primary tumors of the ribs; experience with 78 patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9:251-254.http://icvts.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/reprint/9/2/251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447801?tool=bestpractice.com