食管肿瘤的治疗取决于几个因素。疾病的分期和患者的总体生理状态是治疗决策的关键。黏膜浸润的深度和有无淋巴结转移也决定临床分期。黏膜下层浸润增加了淋巴结转移的可能性,因为淋巴管存在于黏膜下层。数据表明,即使是T1和T2期肿瘤,肿瘤长度也会影响生存和长期预后。[63]Bolton WD, Hofstetter WL, Francis AM, et al. Impact of tumor length on long-term survival of pT1 esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138:831-836.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19660349?tool=bestpractice.comT3期食管癌淋巴结转移的发病率有>80%。这导致了治疗前超声内镜(EUS)的广泛应用。[64]Rice TW, Zuccaro G Jr, Adelstein DJ, et al. Esophageal carcinoma: depth of tumor invasion is predictive of regional lymph node status. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:787-792.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9527214?tool=bestpractice.com
到目前为止,高分化不典型增生和表浅食管癌的标准治疗方案为食管切除术。这种方法有较高的治愈率,但显著增高了治疗相关的发病率和死亡率。近年来,随着内镜治疗的产生,出现了阶段特异性的治疗方法。内镜治疗的原理是准确诊断深部浸润和进行可能的根治性切除。
食管癌手术切除的目标是尽可能治愈,或者如果无法治愈,则姑息性缓解症状。然而,并不是所有肿瘤都可切除。尽管手术的发病率和死亡率均有显著改善,但如果仅采取手术治疗,局部和全身复发是相当常见的(除了1期患者)。在大多数研究中心,整体中位生存期是12-18个月,5年生存率大约为20%。[65]Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. SSAT patient care guidelines: surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:1216-1218.http://ssat.com/guidelines/Esophageal-Cancer.cgihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18062075?tool=bestpractice.com晚期食管癌患者的低治愈率鼓励了其他方法的使用,比如化疗和放疗。不幸的是,很多食管癌患者诊断时即为晚期,此时他们一般因为>50%-75%的食管腔阻塞而引起重度吞咽困难而就医。肿瘤经常局部浸润并累及气道和其他相邻结构。淋巴结转移最常见是在纵膈淋巴结,腹腔淋巴结和颈部淋巴结。[66]Jamieson GG, Thompson SK. Detection of lymph node metastases in oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg. 2009;96:21-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016275?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者需要仔细的规划治疗方案并进行多模式治疗。[67]Krasna MJ. Multimodality therapy for esophageal cancer: how to approach this disease in the absence of level 1 evidence. In: American Society of Clinical Oncology: ASCO Educational Book 2009. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2009:240-242.http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/sites/meetinglibrary.asco.org/files/Educational%20Book/PDF%20Files/2009/09edbk.gi.non.02.pdf放化疗对于食管鳞癌患者有更好的治疗应答,而对于上胸部或者颈部病变患者,可单独进行放化疗治疗。[68]Kranzfelder M, Büchler P, Lange K, et al. Treatment options for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:351-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20193900?tool=bestpractice.com
全球食管癌协作组织(WECC)癌症分期(新美国癌症联合委员会[AJCC]系统)
TNM分类[54]Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17:1471-1474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20180029?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C, eds. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.[56]Ishwaran H, Blackstone EH, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. A novel approach to cancer staging: application to esophageal cancer. Biostatistics. 2009;10:603-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502615?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Rice TW, Rusch VW, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Worldwide esophageal cancer collaboration. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196264?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Rizk NP, Ishwaran H, Rice TW, et al. Optimum lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg. 2010;251:46-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032718?tool=bestpractice.com
分化程度
Gx:无法评估级别
G1:高分化
G2:中分化
G3:低分化
G4:未分化
原发肿瘤(T)
TX:原发肿瘤不能评估
T0:无原发肿瘤证据
Tis:重度不典型增生
T1a:肿瘤侵及黏膜固有层或黏膜肌层
T1b:肿瘤侵及黏膜下层
T2:肿瘤侵及固有肌层
T3:肿瘤侵及食管纤维膜
T4a:肿瘤侵及胸膜、心包或膈肌
T4b:肿瘤侵及其他邻近结构
区域淋巴结(N)
Nx:区域淋巴结无法评估
N0:无区域淋巴结转移
N1:1-2个区域淋巴结转移*
N2:3-6个区域淋巴结转移*
N3:≥7个区域淋巴结转移*
*区域淋巴结指从颈部食管周围延伸至腹腔淋巴结
远处转移(M)
MX:远处转移无法评估
M0:无远处转移
M1:有远处或非区域淋巴结转移
分期
0期:T0N0M0,任何G;TisN0M0,任何G
IA期:T1N0M0,G1-2
IB期:T1N0M0,G3;T1N0M0,G4;T2N0M0,G1-2
IIA期:T2N0M0,G3-4
IIB期:T3N0M0;T0N1M0,任何G;T1-2N1M0,任何G
IIIA期:T0-2N2M0,任何G;T3N1M0,任何G;T4aN0M0,任何G
IIIB:T3N2M0,任何G
IIIC期:T4aN1-2M0,任何G;T4b任何N M0,任何G;任何T N3M0,任何G
IV期:任何T 任何N M1,任何G
0 期(T0 N0 M0,任何 G;Tis N0 M0,任何 G),IA 期(T1a 和浅表 T1b,G 1-2)
0期的食管癌包括没有明显病变,但有原位癌或巴雷特食管中有高分化不典型增生的患者。浅表 IA 期包括累及黏膜和浅表黏膜下层的癌。
内镜下切除 (ER) 联合或不联合消融是针对伴有结节性高度异型增生、扁平且<2 cm 的高度异型增生的巴雷特食管、原位癌、<2 cm 腺癌和鳞癌的推荐治疗方式。如果肿瘤浸润局限于浅表黏膜下层,有明确界限且无淋巴血管浸润 (LVI),则 ER 可对此类患者进行根治。在肿瘤浸润深层黏膜下层但无淋巴结受累的高风险患者中,其可作为食管切除术的替代选择。必须对这些患者进行随访及密切监测。存在长节段巴雷特高度异型增生的患者应接受消融治疗,首选射频消融。[69]Phoa KN, Pouw RE, Bisschops R, et al. Multimodality endoscopic eradication for neoplastic Barrett oesophagus: results of a European multicentre study (EURO-II). Gut. 2016;65:555-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731874?tool=bestpractice.com对于高度异型增生和浅表食管癌(针对腺癌和鳞癌),尤其是针对小于 2 cm 的病变,NCCN 指南推荐的标准治疗为内镜下切除而非食管切除术。[70]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. 2017. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 7 August 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
肿瘤浸润深层黏膜下层或存在 LVI 或 T1 病变>2 cm 的患者应接受食管切除术治疗。可以采用多种外科手术方法,包括保留迷走神经的腹腔镜下食管切除术和腹腔镜/胸腔镜下微创食管切除术 (minimally invasive oesophagectomy, MIO) 等微创技术。[71]Bizekis C, Kent MS, Luketich JD, et al. Initial experience with minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:402-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863737?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Luketich JD, Pennathur A, Awais O, et al. Outcomes after minimally invasive esophagectomy: review of over 1000 patients. Ann Surg. 2012;256:95-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103614/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668811?tool=bestpractice.comMIO 已被证明对良性和非局部晚期癌症患者的治疗结果与开放性食管切除术相当。[73]Butler N, Collins S, Memon B, et al. Minimally invasive oesophagectomy: current status and future direction. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:2071-2083.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21298548?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with esophageal cancer, how does laparoscopic compare with open transhiatal esophagectomy at improving outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1441/full显示答案 针对 IA 期病变的内镜下黏膜切除术 (endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR) 是拒绝手术或者不适合手术切除患者的一种选择。
食管切除术能够明确病理分期(肿瘤和淋巴结情况),可以永久去除恶性高危的所有巴雷特食管黏膜,并且如果出现复发,不需要治疗后监测或补救治疗。大型研究中心研究表明食管切除可提高治疗效果。[74]Brooke BS, Meguid RA, Makary MA, et al. Improving surgical outcomes through adoption of evidence-based process measures: intervention specific or associated with overall hospital quality? Surgery. 2010;147:481-490.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004443?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Skipworth RJ, Parks RW, Stephens NA, et al. The relationship between hospital volume and post-operative mortality rates for upper gastrointestinal cancer resections: Scotland 1982-2003. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:141-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879717?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Boudourakis LD, Wang TS, Roman SA, et al. Evolution of the surgeon-volume, patient-outcome relationship. Ann Surg. 2009;250:159-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561457?tool=bestpractice.com虽然近自二十世纪八十年代以来,越来越多数据表明治疗取得了显著进步,但是主要并发症仍然存在重大风险,在大型研究中心中,该类病例的死亡率为2%。[65]Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. SSAT patient care guidelines: surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:1216-1218.http://ssat.com/guidelines/Esophageal-Cancer.cgihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18062075?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Yasunaga H, Matsuyama Y, Ohe K, et al. Effects of hospital and surgeon case-volumes on postoperative complications and length of stay after esophagectomy in Japan. Surg Today. 2009;39:566-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562442?tool=bestpractice.com
IB 期(T1b N0 M0,任何 G;T2 N0 M0,G 1-2)
如果肿瘤浸润扩展至深层黏膜下层(深层 T1b 疾病),无局部淋巴结转移或远端转移 (T1b N0 M0),推荐食管切除术而非内镜下切除,除非患者不适合外科手术。
如果患者肿瘤侵及肌层,无淋巴结转移或远端转移,但伴低恶性程度病变 (T2 N0 M0),单独手术治疗是合理选择——首选微创食管切除术。仅手术切除的患者五年生存率为60-90%,取决于肿瘤浸润的深度。[78]Ellis FH Jr, Watkins E Jr, Krasna MJ, et al. Staging of carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: a comparison of different staging criteria. J Surg Oncol. 1993;52:231-235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8468984?tool=bestpractice.com因为不必进行彻底的淋巴结清扫,可考虑经颈腹(经膈)食管切除手术。[79]Orringer MB, Marshall B, Chang AC, et al. Two thousand transhiatal esophagectomies: changing trends, lessons learned. Ann Surg. 2007;246:363-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959358/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717440?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Yannopoulos P, Theodoridis P, Manes K. Esophagectomy without thoracotomy: 25 years of experience over 750 patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394:611-616.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687514/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19350267?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Dai JG, Zhang ZY, Min JX, et al. Wrapping of the omental pedicle flap around esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surgery. 2011;149:404-410.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850852?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Omloo JM, Lagarde SM, Hulscher JB, et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus: five-year survival of a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246:992-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18043101?tool=bestpractice.com经膈食管切除术是经胸行食管切除术的一项替代疗法,可适用于预测为淋巴结阴性癌或可切除病灶但因为共病而不适合经胸术式的患者。[83]Donohoe CL, O'Farrell NJ, Ravi N, et al. Evidence-based selective application of transhiatal esophagectomy in a high-volume esophageal center. World J Surg. 2012;36:98-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979584?tool=bestpractice.com更多研究显示微创食管切除术的疗效,其生存率与开放手术相当且并发症发病率和死亡率较低。迄今为止,在最大病例系列中发现的死亡率为 1.68%。[72]Luketich JD, Pennathur A, Awais O, et al. Outcomes after minimally invasive esophagectomy: review of over 1000 patients. Ann Surg. 2012;256:95-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103614/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668811?tool=bestpractice.com在此病例系列中,近一半患者接受了三孔法,该方法采用视频辅助胸腔手术 (video-assisted thoracic surgery, VATS) 分离食管和清扫纵隔淋巴结,随后进行腹腔镜检查和颈部吻合术。另一半患者接受了腹腔镜/VATS Ivor-Lewis 食管切除术及胸腔器械吻合术。在结果方面(包括吻合口瘘和喉返神经再次损伤),Ivor-Lewis 食管切除术组的结果更好。
此外,食管远端的小病变,可以用左侧经胸入路手术。[84]Krasna M, Moainie S. Left transthoracic esophagectomy (C Format). In: Sugarbaker DJ, ed. Adult chest surgery: concepts and procedures. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2009:chapter 20.对比较癌症经胸和经膈食管切除术的研究进行的 meta 分析发现二者在 5 年生存率方面无差异。[85]Boshier PR, Anderson O, Hanna GB. Transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy for the treatment of esophagogastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2011;254:894-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785341?tool=bestpractice.com但是,一项研究发现经膈食管切除术和左胸腹食管切除术的 10 年生存率分别为 37% 和 24%;[86]Kurokawa Y, Sasako M, Sano T, et al; Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG9502). Ten-year follow-up results of a randomized clinical trial comparing left thoracoabdominal and abdominal transhiatal approaches to total gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction or gastric cardia. Br J Surg. 2015;102:341-348.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bjs.9764/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605628?tool=bestpractice.com来自中国的另一项研究显示,与左胸腹术式相比,右侧食管切除术导致的死亡率更低,住院时间更短,更多淋巴结得到恢复。[87]Li B, Xiang J, Zhang Y, et al. Comparison of Ivor-Lewis vs Sweet esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:292-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25650816?tool=bestpractice.com
手工吻合与器械吻合的吻合技术经研究证实并无明显差别。[88]Kim RH, Takabe K. Methods of esophagogastric anastomoses following esophagectomy for cancer: a systematic review. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:527-533.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20401920?tool=bestpractice.com一篇 Cochrane 综述显示,利用网膜加强吻合会降低术后吻合口瘘的发生率。[89]Yuan Y, Zeng X, Hu Y, et al. Omentoplasty for oesophagogastrostomy after oesophagectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD008446.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008446.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274134?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究表明,颈部吻合术相比于胸内吻合会导致更多的瘘和狭窄、更低的死亡率及pH监测中发现咽部反流增加。 胸内吻合增加了呼吸并发症和术后痛的风险。然而目前证据不足,尚不能说明颈部吻合和胸内吻合相比,术后并发症和死亡率无差异。[90]Kayani B, Jarral OA, Athanasiou T, et al. Should oesophagectomy be performed with cervical or intrathoracic anastomosis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;14:821-826.https://academic.oup.com/icvts/article/14/6/821/742901/Should-oesophagectomy-be-performed-with-cervicalhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22368108?tool=bestpractice.com
大型研究中心研究表明食管切除可提高治疗效果。[74]Brooke BS, Meguid RA, Makary MA, et al. Improving surgical outcomes through adoption of evidence-based process measures: intervention specific or associated with overall hospital quality? Surgery. 2010;147:481-490.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004443?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Skipworth RJ, Parks RW, Stephens NA, et al. The relationship between hospital volume and post-operative mortality rates for upper gastrointestinal cancer resections: Scotland 1982-2003. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:141-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879717?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Boudourakis LD, Wang TS, Roman SA, et al. Evolution of the surgeon-volume, patient-outcome relationship. Ann Surg. 2009;250:159-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561457?tool=bestpractice.com一些中心,有时会将三联疗法(同2-3期患者一样,术前同时应用新辅助放化疗)用于不确定分期或分化程度的肿瘤患者。
因癌症行食管切除会极大影响患者的短期和长期的生活质量。最近的一个研究发现食管切除术后的数月内,身体功能降低但精神状态改善。身体功能的损伤可能是累及呼吸系统或消化道的食管切除术的一个长期后果,而研究表明情感功能的改善是由于患者感觉已从濒死经历中存活下来所致。[91]Scarpa M, Valente S, Alfieri R, et al. Systematic review of health-related quality of life after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:4660-4674.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v17/i42/4660.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180708?tool=bestpractice.com
不能手术切除的早期患者可行放疗,或者一般是放化疗治疗。[92]al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:277-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996153?tool=bestpractice.com单独放疗只适用于那些因严重疾病不能耐受同时放化疗的患者。
手术状况差和不适合行放化疗的患者,可行直接针对局部肿瘤的替代疗法用以减轻肿瘤相关症状。应用激光及光动力疗法(PDT)可缓解症状,尽管该PDT可导致食管狭窄。[93]Weigel TL, Frumiento C, Gaumintz E. Endoluminal palliation for dysphagia secondary to esophageal carcinoma. Surg Clin North Am. 2002;82:747-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472128?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Chen M, Pennathur A, Luketich JD. Role of photodynamic therapy in unresectable esophageal and lung cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38:396-402.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16788924?tool=bestpractice.comNd-YAG激光消融可以内镜检查时进行,尤其可用于肿瘤表面出血进行止血时。PDT更多的是一种根治性措施,因其作用厚度可达5mm。静脉注射光卟啉造影剂后,将绿激光纤维导入食管,进而可以局部治疗。[95]Overholt BF, Wang KK, Burdick JS, et al; International Photodynamic Group for High-Grade Dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus. Five-year efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with Photofrin in Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:460-468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17643436?tool=bestpractice.com这种治疗的主要缺点会导致重度光敏感性,这会使一部分患者发生残疾,特别是对一些老年患者。然而对于这类患者长时间的随诊研究还未进行。
对于不典型增生和早期食管癌,特别是手术高风险的患者,冷冻疗法是一项处于研究阶段的治疗新方法。[96]Greenwald BD, Dumot JA, Horwhat JD, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of endoscopic low-pressure liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy in the esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2010;23:13-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144029/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515183?tool=bestpractice.com植入自膨胀金属支架联合近距放疗已被证实与内镜下消融治疗一样可以缓解吞咽困难的症状。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com它也可以减少再介入的需要。还有一些其他治疗手段,如插入硬质玻璃管、单纯食管扩张或联合其他治疗方案、化疗或放化疗、食管搭桥手术,均可推迟并发症的发生及吞咽困难的复发。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com
IIA 期:(T2 N0 M0, G 3-4);IIB 期(T3 N0 M0;T0 N1 M0,任何 G;T1-2 N1 M0,任何 G)
此类别包括 T0 期;T1 期伴淋巴结转移;T2 期肿瘤(肿瘤侵及固有肌层)伴高度分化且不伴淋巴结转移或低度恶性 T2 期伴区域淋巴结转移(N1 疾病);T3 肿瘤不伴局部淋巴结转移。
鳞癌相较于腺癌,侵及平滑肌的轻度黏膜下浸润的肿瘤发生淋巴结转移的概率要高,而黏膜下全层浸润的肿瘤,两者发生淋巴结转移的几率相似。对于低危的黏膜下第一层轻微浸润的腺癌,内镜下治疗可能是足够的,但浸润至黏膜下的食管鳞癌应进行食管癌切除及症状性淋巴结清扫,因为其易进展,且有早期转移的趋势。[98]Gockel I, Sgourakis G, Lyros O, et al. Risk of lymph node metastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer: a review of surgically resected patients. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;5:371-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21651355?tool=bestpractice.com
区域淋巴结转移患者如果在治疗期间无进展,则最好行新辅助治疗,随后行食管切除术。
术前联合放化疗后再进行手术相较于单纯手术在可切除率、局部控制及生存率上有优势。[67]Krasna MJ. Multimodality therapy for esophageal cancer: how to approach this disease in the absence of level 1 evidence. In: American Society of Clinical Oncology: ASCO Educational Book 2009. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2009:240-242.http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/sites/meetinglibrary.asco.org/files/Educational%20Book/PDF%20Files/2009/09edbk.gi.non.02.pdf[99]Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462-467.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199608153350702#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8672151?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1086-1092.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2007.12.9593http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309943?tool=bestpractice.com生存:有一项中等质量的证据显示术前放化疗能够增加食管腺癌患者术后中位生存期及3年生存率。一项研究将 113 名食管腺癌患者随机分配至接受单独手术治疗组和接受新辅助放化疗加手术治疗组。新辅助放化疗引起的病理完全反应率为 25%,并可显著提高中位生存期(16 个月 vs 11 个月)以及 3 年生存率 (32% vs 6%)。值得关注的是单纯手术组,患者淋巴结转移率高得多。单纯手术的生存率相较于其他研究较低。[99]Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462-467.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199608153350702#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8672151?tool=bestpractice.comCALGB (癌症与白血病B组)的一项随机临床试验研究报道三联治疗相较单纯手术在改善生存期及降低并发症发病率与死亡率上有优势。中位随诊时间6年。一项意向治疗分析显示三联治疗(放疗、化疗及手术)中位生存期4.5年(单纯手术的中位生存期则为1.8年),这支持了三联治疗。5年生存率39%,优于单纯手术的16%。[100]Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1086-1092.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2007.12.9593http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309943?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。术前联合放化疗通常应用顺铂、氟尿嘧啶及30-45Gy的放疗的标准结合方案。这些药物同时给药可以增加化疗敏感性。化疗方案的研究更新很慢,但对胃癌与胃食管交界癌应用铂类及紫杉醇化疗的研究意味着这类方案已被接受作为顺铂和氟尿嘧啶的替代方案。[101]van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, et al; CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2074-2084.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22646630?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究也加入了术后化疗。食管鳞癌可在术后采取化疗(无放疗),或对于头颈部食管癌术后采取放化疗根治性联合治疗。但目前上述治疗仍存在争议。对于胸上段及颈段食管癌,这些非手术治疗方案可能更合适一些。而对于食管中段鳞癌仍应行三联疗法和三切口食管癌切除术。
非鳞癌,尤其是接近于胃食管交接的癌,通常归类于胃癌,这类患者术后通常要进行放化疗,这与近期关于胃癌的临床研究相一致。[102]Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:725-730.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa010187#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11547741?tool=bestpractice.com可是,实践中更倾向于应用术前联合放化疗。[103]Lv J, Cao XF, Zhu B, et al. Long-term efficacy of perioperative chemoradiotherapy on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:1649-1654.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v16/i13/1649.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20355244?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Cao XF, He XT, Ji L, et al. Effects of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy on pathological staging and prognosis for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22:477-481.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19703071?tool=bestpractice.comMeta 分析已证实了局部晚期食管癌患者放化疗后行手术的获益。[105]Jin HL, Zhu H, Ling TS, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:5983-5991.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i47/5983.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20014464?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Lv J, Cao XF, Zhu B, et al. Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on prognosis and surgery for esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4962-4968.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i39/4962.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19842230?tool=bestpractice.com几项欧洲试验进一步强调了三联疗法的好处。同样的,一些单中心研究建议将分子靶向治疗加入标准的三联治疗当中。这还导致在更多胃癌患者中使用新辅助治疗的转变,正如针对胃食管交界肿瘤的治疗所示,依据是在术前给予该治疗可使给予足剂量药物治疗的可能性显著提高。[107]Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:687-697.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728210?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Stahl M, Walz MK, Stuschke M, et al. Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:851-856.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2008.17.0506http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139439?tool=bestpractice.com
不能手术治疗的患者应给予放化疗或放疗。[92]al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:277-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996153?tool=bestpractice.com单独放疗只适用于那些因严重疾病不能耐受同时放化疗的患者。进行根治性联合放化疗的患者,建议的标准放疗剂量为50.4Gy;剂量递增到64.8Gy并未显著提升生活质量。[109]Kachnic LA, Winter K, Wasserman T, et al. Longitudinal quality-of-life analysis of RTOG 94-05 (Int 0123): a phase III trial of definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2011;4:45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109887/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673875?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者不适合手术或联合放化疗,直接作用于肿瘤局部的消融治疗可以缓解肿瘤相关的症状。可用激光及光动力疗法(PDT),尽管PDT可导致食管狭窄。[93]Weigel TL, Frumiento C, Gaumintz E. Endoluminal palliation for dysphagia secondary to esophageal carcinoma. Surg Clin North Am. 2002;82:747-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472128?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Chen M, Pennathur A, Luketich JD. Role of photodynamic therapy in unresectable esophageal and lung cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38:396-402.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16788924?tool=bestpractice.comNd-YAG激光消融可以内镜检查时进行,尤其可用于肿瘤表面出血进行止血时。光动力疗法的作用深度可达5mm。静脉注入光卟啉造影剂后,将绿激光纤维导入食管,进而开始局部治疗。冷冻治疗是一种尚在研究的用来治疗不典型增生及早期癌的新方法,特别是对于那些高危患者。[96]Greenwald BD, Dumot JA, Horwhat JD, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of endoscopic low-pressure liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy in the esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2010;23:13-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144029/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515183?tool=bestpractice.com植入自膨胀金属支架联合近距放疗已被证实与内镜下消融治疗一样可以缓解吞咽困难的症状。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com它也可以减少再介入的需要。还有一些其他治疗手段,如插入硬质玻璃管、单纯食管扩张或联合其他治疗方案、化疗或放化疗、食管搭桥手术,均可推迟并发症的发生及吞咽困难的复发。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com
III 期(T0-2 N2 M0,任何 G;T3 N1 M0,任何 G;T4a N0 M0,任何 G;T3 N2 M0,任何 G;T4a N1-2 M0,任何 G;T4b 任何 N M0,任何 G;任何 T N3 M0,任何 G)
3期食管癌包括不伴远处转移的如下情况:T0-T3期肿瘤伴3-6个区域淋巴结转移(N2);T3期肿瘤伴1-2个区域淋巴结转移(N1);或任意T4期肿瘤(肿瘤侵及周围结构)伴或不伴区域淋巴结转移;或任何T分期肿瘤伴≥7个区域淋巴结转移(N3)。
这些患者适合应用综合治疗。据报道,术前采用放疗及化疗均可提高食管癌患者生存期,尽管这也有增加治疗相关死亡率的趋势。[67]Krasna MJ. Multimodality therapy for esophageal cancer: how to approach this disease in the absence of level 1 evidence. In: American Society of Clinical Oncology: ASCO Educational Book 2009. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2009:240-242.http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/sites/meetinglibrary.asco.org/files/Educational%20Book/PDF%20Files/2009/09edbk.gi.non.02.pdf[99]Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462-467.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199608153350702#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8672151?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1086-1092.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2007.12.9593http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309943?tool=bestpractice.com手术切除前肿瘤降期可提高可切除性。三联治疗可定义为并行新辅助放化疗(使用 30 Gy 至 45 Gy 的放疗及顺铂与氟尿嘧啶的标准联合疗法)然后进行手术切除。来自探索靶向治疗作用的 2 期试验的数据表明,加入新辅助治疗方案具有潜在效益。[110]Rodriguez CP, Adelstein DJ, Rice TW, et al. A phase II study of perioperative concurrent chemotherapy, gefitinib, and hyperfractionated radiation followed by maintenance gefitinib in locoregionally advanced esophagus and gastroesophageal junction cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:229-235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009775?tool=bestpractice.com一些研究也加入了术后化疗。在进行三联治疗的患者中,生存期最佳的预后因素是术中发现肿瘤病理性完全缓解。迄今为止,还没有可靠地术前针对新辅助放化疗后肿瘤完全缓解的确定方法。那些术前怀疑1、2期的患者术后发现分期升高的,术后可采取放疗或放化疗。[111]Schreiber D, Rineer J, Vongtama D, et al. Impact of postoperative radiation after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:244-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009774?tool=bestpractice.com对于手术切除风险过高的患者,标准的足剂量放化疗是一种选择,推荐的化疗为顺铂联合氟尿嘧啶,放疗为50Gy剂量。[92]al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:277-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996153?tool=bestpractice.com特别地,那些肿瘤已经侵犯周围重要组织的T4期患者倾向于不进行手术。化疗方案的研究进展缓慢,但针对胃癌及胃食管交界癌应用紫杉醇联合铂类方案化疗的研究说明这些方案已被接受作为顺铂和氟尿嘧啶的替代疗法。[101]van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, et al; CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2074-2084.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22646630?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者不适合手术或联合放化疗,直接作用于肿瘤局部的消融治疗可以缓解肿瘤相关的症状。可用激光及光动力疗法(PDT),尽管PDT可导致食管狭窄。[93]Weigel TL, Frumiento C, Gaumintz E. Endoluminal palliation for dysphagia secondary to esophageal carcinoma. Surg Clin North Am. 2002;82:747-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472128?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Chen M, Pennathur A, Luketich JD. Role of photodynamic therapy in unresectable esophageal and lung cancer. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38:396-402.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16788924?tool=bestpractice.comNd-YAG激光消融可以内镜检查时进行,尤其可用于肿瘤表面出血进行止血时。光动力疗法的作用深度可达5mm。静脉注入光卟啉造影剂后,将绿激光纤维导入食管,进而开始局部治疗。冷冻治疗是一种尚在研究的用来治疗不典型增生及早期癌的新方法,特别是对于那些高危患者。[96]Greenwald BD, Dumot JA, Horwhat JD, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of endoscopic low-pressure liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy in the esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2010;23:13-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144029/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515183?tool=bestpractice.com植入自膨胀金属支架联合近距放疗已被证实与内镜下消融治疗一样可以缓解吞咽困难的症状。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com它也可以减少再介入的需要。还有一些其他治疗手段,如插入硬质塑料管、单纯食管扩张或联合其他治疗方案、化疗或放化疗或食管搭桥手术,均可推迟并发症的发生和吞咽困难的复发。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com
新辅助治疗
大量研究已表明新辅助治疗具有良好的生存获益。[112]Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:681-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684205?tool=bestpractice.com。
放射治疗作为诱导治疗:
化疗作为诱导治疗:
多项随机对照试验已显示出使用化疗作为诱导治疗的总生存期和无进展生存期的趋势。一项研究对在 400 名患者中给予顺铂和 5-氟尿嘧啶随后行切除术治疗与在 402 名患者中单独行切除术治疗进行了比较,结果显示在 37 个月的中位随访时,前者具有生存期改善趋势。[113]Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Group. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1727-1733.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049861?tool=bestpractice.com但是,在北美进行的另一项包含 440 名患者的研究对术前化疗加手术与单独手术治疗进行了比较,发现两组中具有相似的中位和 2 年生存率。[114]Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1979-1984.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199812313392704#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9869669?tool=bestpractice.com另一项试验纳入了患有胃腺癌 (74%)、食管胃交界癌 (15%) 或下段食管癌 (11%) 的 503 名患者,将其随机分配至接受围手术期化疗(表柔比星、顺铂和输注 5-氟尿嘧啶)加手术治疗或单独手术治疗,发现 2 年的中位随访期后,围手术期化疗组的无进展生存期得到改善。[115]Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al; MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:11-20.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055531#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822992?tool=bestpractice.com化疗组的 2 年和 5 年生存率分别为 50% 和 36%,相比较而言,手术组的相应值为 41% 和 23%。这些结果具有相关性,因为尽管本研究中大多数患者患有胃腺癌,但 25% 的患者存在食管肿瘤或食管胃交界肿瘤,而且多变量分析显示无论肿瘤在何部位,所述获益均有效。
一项法国 RCT 同样显示使用化疗作为诱导治疗存在生存期改善趋势。[116]Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:161-167.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199707173370304#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219702?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 Cochrane 综述显示,与单独手术治疗相比,使用术前化疗随后行食管切除术可改善生存。[117]Kidane B, Coughlin S, Vogt K, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic esophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD001556.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001556.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988291?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of preoperative chemotherapy in people with resectable thoracic esophageal cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1076/full显示答案 总体而言,不推荐将单独化疗作为新辅助治疗,除非特殊情况要求。
放化疗作为诱导治疗:
大量随机对照试验将放化疗随后行手术治疗与单独手术治疗进行了比较。概言之,对局部晚期可切除(II 和 III 期)食管癌而言,诱导治疗随后行手术治疗显示出的生存获益优于单独手术治疗。虽然一些试验(CALBG 9781 和 CROSS 试验)显示化疗和放射治疗相结合作为诱导治疗的结局更好,但单独进行化疗还是合用化疗和放疗作为新辅助治疗仍存在争议。[100]Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1086-1092.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2007.12.9593http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309943?tool=bestpractice.com[101]van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, et al; CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2074-2084.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22646630?tool=bestpractice.com
针对局部晚期食管癌患者,尤其是鳞癌患者,CROSS 试验的长期数据支持将合用化疗和放疗随后行手术治疗作为首选治疗方案。[118]Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJ, Hulshof MC, et al; CROSS study group. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1090-1098.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26254683?tool=bestpractice.com
有综述已经确立了多种方案的化疗作为辅助治疗的价值。同样,一项 meta 分析也显示了新辅助化疗(特别是放化疗)对于接受食管癌手术的患者的价值。[119]Ku GY, Ilson DH. Adjuvant therapy in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: controversies and consensus. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2012;5:85-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415720/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22888388?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Ronellenfitsch U, Schwarzbach M, Hofheinz R, et al; GE Adenocarcinoma Meta‐analysis Group. Perioperative chemo(radio)therapy versus primary surgery for resectable adenocarcinoma of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction, and lower esophagus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD008107.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008107.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728671?tool=bestpractice.comp53 和 SOX2 蛋白表达模式等生物标志物可预测食管癌患者对新辅助放化疗治疗的反应,并且可有助于进行个体化治疗。[121]van Olphen SH, Biermann K, Shapiro J, et al. P53 and SOX2 protein expression predicts esophageal adenocarcinoma in response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Ann Surg. 2016 Jan 15 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779982?tool=bestpractice.com
IV 期(任何 T,任何 N, M1,任何 G)
转移性食管癌患者通常被给予联合化疗,尽管迄今为止并没有随机对照研究显示化疗相比于支持性疗法,患者可以明确的获益。[122]Al-Batran SE, Ajani JA. Impact of chemotherapy on quality of life in patients with metastatic esophagogastric cancer. Cancer. 2010;116:2511-2518.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.25064/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301114?tool=bestpractice.com放疗有助于缓解吞咽困难。支架、激光治疗、光动力疗法等姑息性缓解症状的治疗方法可被应用于重度虚弱及营养状况差的患者。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Sharma P, Kozarek R; Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:258-273.http://gi.org/guideline/role-of-esophageal-stents-in-benign-and-malignant-disease/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20029413?tool=bestpractice.com一种可选化疗方案为氟尿嘧啶加顺铂。另一种同等的方案为紫杉醇加卡铂。应用紫杉烷类联合铂类的化疗方案的研究提供了一种潜在的化疗方案,尽管目前还没有一个确切的晚期食管癌的二线化疗方案。
针对腺癌(主要是胃食管交界腺癌)患者的人表皮生长因子受体 2 (HER 2) 突变发生率的新数据已引起了除标准化疗外使用曲妥珠单抗的研究。目前这是对这类患者的一种标准治疗方案,对于进展期肿瘤的患者,HER2检测已经成为常规的手段。[107]Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:687-697.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728210?tool=bestpractice.com
自膨胀金属支架伴近距放疗可媲美内镜下消融治疗,而且更好的是可降低再介入治疗的需要。[124]Diamantis G, Scarpa M, Bocus P, et al. Quality of life in patients with esophageal stenting for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:144-150.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v17/i2/144.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21245986?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐行插入硬质塑料管、食管扩张(单独或联合其他治疗)、单独化疗、联合放化疗及食管搭桥手术来缓解吞咽困难,因为迟发并发症及吞咽困难复发高发。[97]Dai Y, Li C, Xie Y, et al. Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD005048.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354795?tool=bestpractice.com