吞食异物和食物嵌塞是常见的消化道疾病。幸运的是,80% 以上吞食的异物皆会安全地通过消化道。然而,锋利/尖锐物体(例如剃须刀片、骨头、钉销、针、金属丝或钉子)和直径>2.5 cm 的物体无法通过幽门口。长度>6 cm 的物体无法移动穿过十二指肠环。强力磁铁和电池也会引发并发症,且难以取出。
在上消化道有异物的患者中,70% 至 80% 的患者是年龄<15 岁的儿童,其中 1-3 岁儿童发病率最高。在吞食异物的儿童中,此病的发病率无性别差异。金属物体的吞食比例高于非金属物体,对于西方国家儿童,从其上消化道中取出的最常见物体是硬币。[9]Gracia C, Frey CF, Bodai BI. Diagnosis and management of ingested foreign bodies: a ten-year experience. Ann Emerg Med. 1984 Jan;13(1):30-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6689853?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Spitz L. Management of ingested foreign bodies in childhood. Br Med J. 1971 Nov 20;4(5785):469-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1799648/pdf/brmedj02676-0047.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5125285?tool=bestpractice.com 在土耳其进行的一项研究显示,安全别针上粘贴的蓝色珠子(文化幸运符)(38.6%)、硬币 (27.8%) 和头巾针 (18.1%) 是最常见的吞食异物。研究发现,吞食蓝色珠子/安全别针主要见于婴儿,而吞食头巾针最常见于使用头巾包裹头部的少女。[11]Aydoğdu S, Arikan C, Cakir M, et al. Foreign body ingestion in Turkish children. Turk J Pediatr. 2009 Mar-Apr;51(2):127-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19480323?tool=bestpractice.com 在亚洲国家,从儿童上消化道中取出的最常见异物是鱼骨。[12]Wai Pak M, Chung Lee W, Kwok Fung H, et al. A prospective study of foreign-body ingestion in 311 children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2001 Apr 6;58(1):37-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249978?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Leong HK, Chan R. Foreign bodies in the upper digestive tract. Singapore Med J. 1987 Apr;28(2):162-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3629271?tool=bestpractice.com 在尼泊尔加德满都教学医院进行的一项回顾性研究显示,儿童吞食的最常见异物是硬币 (64%),其次是肉骨头 (14%)。[14]Pokharel R, Adhikari P, Bhusal CL, et al. Oesophageal foreign bodies in children. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008 Oct-Dec;47(172):186-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079391?tool=bestpractice.com
近年来,儿童吞食纽扣电池和强力磁铁的案例数不断增长。 玩具和家用小器具使用这些类型电池的数量不断增加,意味着许多家庭内都可以看到这些电池。[15]Thabet MH, Basha WM, Askar S. Button battery foreign bodies in children: hazards, management, and recommendations. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:846091.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/846091/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936851?tool=bestpractice.com[16]McConnell MK. When button batteries become breakfast: the hidden dangers of button battery ingestion. J Pediatr Nurs. 2013 Nov-Dec;28(6):e42-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376088?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Jatana KR, Litovitz T, Reilly JS, et al. Pediatric button battery injuries: 2013 task force update. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Sep;77(9):1392-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896385?tool=bestpractice.com 强力磁铁会引发严重的可能危及生命的并发症,尤其是在吞食多块磁铁的情况下,磁铁会穿透肠壁彼此吸引,从而导致肠壁缺血和穿孔。[3]Kramer RE, Lerner DG, Lin T, et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies in children: a clinical report of the NASPGHAN Endoscopy Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015 Apr;60(4):562-74.https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2015/04000/Management_of_Ingested_Foreign_Bodies_in_Children_.28.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611037?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Liu S, Li J, Lv Y. Gastrointestinal damage caused by swallowing multiple magnets. Front Med. 2012 Sep;6(3):280-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886320?tool=bestpractice.com
在成人中,男性意外或故意吞食异物的发病率高于女性。食物嵌塞是最常见的上消化道梗阻的病因。相关病变包括伴有咽反射损伤的原发性神经系统功能障碍(帕金森病、发作后状态、卒中后、痴呆);其他病变包括酒精滥用和使用催眠或精神抑郁药物(苯二氮卓类药物、麻醉剂)。需要考虑的食管疾病包括嗜酸粒细胞性食管炎、Schatzki 环和消化道狭窄。在吞食非食物异物的成人患者中,精神病、化学药物依赖或社交障碍的发病率较高。
良性食管肿瘤和其他病理并未因全包覆自扩式金属支架(FCSEMS)使用量的增加而免于引发并发症。 支架移位是一种主要疾病。 在某些情况下,重新定位是可能的,但在大多数情况下,支架必须取出。 例如,在泄漏性胃空肠瘘已经愈合,且该疾病已经消退的情形下,支架也必须取出。[6]Leenders BJ, Stronkhorst A, Smulders FJ, et al. Removable and repositionable covered metal self-expandable stents for leaks after upper gastrointestinal surgery: experiences in a tertiary referral hospital. Surg Endosc. 2013 Aug;27(8):2751-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23436082?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Hirdes MM, Siersema PD, Vleggaar FP. A new fully covered metal stent for the treatment of benign and malignant dysphagia: a prospective follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 Apr;75(4):712-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22284093?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Bhayani NH, Swanström LL. Endoscopic therapies for leaks and fistulas after bariatric surgery. Surg Innov. 2014 Feb;21(1):90-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23980200?tool=bestpractice.com FCSEMS 通常可在放置后的 5 周内轻松取出。
2016 年,美国报告了 4558 例因吞食异物后窒息而导致死亡的病例(ICD-10 代码 W79、W80)。[19]National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS leading causes of death reports, 1981-2016. Feb 2017 [internet publication].https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcause.html在这些死亡病例中,超过 70% (n=3320) 的患者是 65 岁以上的人群。[19]National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS leading causes of death reports, 1981-2016. Feb 2017 [internet publication].https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcause.html