髓质海绵肾(MSK)的发病机理尚不清楚。MSK可能同时发生其他先天缺陷如偏侧肥大(一侧躯体肥大)、Beckwith-Wiedeman综合征(先天性疾病)、Caroli病(纤维囊性肝病)、先天性肝纤维化、常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾和Ehlers-Danlos综合征(结缔组织病)。[3]Chesney RW, Kaufman R, Stapleton FB, et al. Association of medullary sponge kidney and medullary dysplasia in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Pediatr. 1989 Nov;115(5 Pt 1):761-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2809912?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Diouf B, Ka EH, Calender A, et al. Association of medullary sponge kidney disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA due to RET gene mutation: is there a causal relationship? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000 Dec;15(12):2062-3.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/12/2062.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11096158?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Cobben JM, Breuning MH, Schoots C, et al. Congenital hepatic fibrosis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1990 Nov;38(5):880-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2266672?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Jordon D, Harpaz N, Thung SN. Caroli's disease and adult polycystic kidney disease: a rarely recognized association. Liver. 1989 Feb;9(1):30-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2921938?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Torres VE, Erickson SB, Smith LH, et al. The association of nephrolithiasis and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1988 Apr;11(4):318-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354568?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,发现患有MSK和偏侧肥大的患者以及患有MSK和Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征(染色体11p15)患者可同时患有Wilm瘤(染色体11p13)。
多发其他先天性疾病提示MSK是一种肾胚胎发生的发育异常性疾病,[20]Ria P, Fabris A, Dalla Gassa A, et al. New non-renal congenital disorders associated with medullary sponge kidney (MSK) support the pathogenic role of GDNF and point to the diagnosis of MSK in recurrent stone formers. Urolithiasis. 2017 Aug;45(4):359-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573101?tool=bestpractice.com MSK可能是由输尿管芽和后肾胚基连接处破坏引起的。 一项研究证明,由 DNA 直接测序分析,55 名髓质海绵肾 (MSK) 患者中有 8 名患者的神经胶质细胞源性神经营养因子 (GDNF) 的基因中具有包含变异序列的等位基因。[21]Torregrossa R, Anglani F, Fabris A, et al. Identification of GDNF gene sequence variations in patients with medullary sponge kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jul;5(7):1205-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448065?tool=bestpractice.com 这 8 名患者的转录因子假定结合域中出现了两种突变。 一项病例对照研究表明,这些等位基因与 MSK 有关。 GDNF 是原癌基因 RET 的配体。 RET 和 GDNF 在肾脏发育中都起到关键作用,对于输尿管和集合管形成以及正常的肾发生、形态发生和肾脏生长来说都是所需的。 因此,RET-GDNF 复合物似乎是引起 MSK 的合理原因。[22]Little M, Georgas K, Pennisi D, et al. Kidney development: two tales of tubulogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2010;90:193-229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20691850?tool=bestpractice.com 但在 MSK 中还没有发现 RET 突变。 同一组研究人员还研究了属于 GDNF 基因突变杂合型的 MSK 患者的肾乳头细胞。[23]Mezzabotta F, Cristofaro R, Ceol M, et al. Spontaneous calcification process in primary renal cells from a medullary sponge kidney patient harbouring a GDNF mutation. J Cell Mol Med. 2015 Apr;19(4):889-902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcmm.12514/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25692823?tool=bestpractice.com 磷酸钙沉积物仅在 MSK 培养物中形成,而不会在健康对照患者的细胞中形成。 MSK 细胞表达骨钙素和骨粘连蛋白,提示为类似成骨细胞的表型。 与对照细胞相比,GDNF 在 MSK 细胞中下调。 当采用钙化培养基培养细胞时,敲除另一个肾细胞系中的 GDNF 表达也会促进磷酸钙沉积。
一项针对 MSK 患者和家族成员的研究表明,在 50 名 MSK 患者中,有 27 名患者被证明具有常染色体显性遗传模式。在这 27 名患者中,73%(81 名中的 59 名)的一级和二级亲属(两个性别都有)都被确诊患有 MSK。对于亲属的诊断,有40例是通过静脉尿路造影做出,有14例是通过超声检查做出,并在5例死亡患者中通过多发性结石病史做出推断。[24]Fabris A, Lupo A, Ferraro PM, et al. Familial clustering of medullary sponge kidney is autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Kidney Int. 2013 Feb;83(2):272-7.http://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)55726-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23223172?tool=bestpractice.com 从遗传亲属的生化指标中发现,这些患者MSK表型较轻。 在一些患者中发现RET致癌基因可能存在变异,RET对于正常肾脏发育有重要作用, 这种基因可能参与甲状旁腺细胞增殖和肝脏排泄系统发育。[4]Diouf B, Ka EH, Calender A, et al. Association of medullary sponge kidney disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA due to RET gene mutation: is there a causal relationship? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000 Dec;15(12):2062-3.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/12/2062.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11096158?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, et al. Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s. Kidney Int. 2006 Feb;69(4):663-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16395272?tool=bestpractice.com
在多个MSK患者的研究中发现,MSK患者存在远端肾小管酸中毒。[25]Higashihara E, Nutahara K, Tago K, et al. Medullary sponge kidney and renal acidification defect. Kidney Int. 1984 Feb;25(2):453-9.https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)33147-1/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6727141?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Lahme S, Bichler K-H, Lang F, et al. Metabolic evaluation of patients suffering from medullary sponge kidney. In: Borghi L, Meschi T, Briganti A, et al, eds. Proceedings of the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis. Parma, Italy: Editoriale Bios; 1999:599-601.[27]Osther PJ, Mathiasen H, Hansen AB, et al. Urinary acidification and urinary excretion of calcium and citrate in women with bilateral medullary sponge kidney. Urol Int. 1994;52(3):126-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8203049?tool=bestpractice.com 有文献报道2例合并肾小管酸中毒的患者与H+-ATP酶基因突变有关。[28]Carboni I, Andreucci E, Caruso MR, et al. Medullary sponge kidney associated with primary distal renal tubular acidosis and mutations of the H+-ATPase genes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 Sep;24(9):2734-8.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/9/2734.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19364879?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一些研究发现研究中的MSK患者没有一例存在明显的远端肾小管酸中毒。[29]Yagisawa T, Kobayashi C, Hayashi T, et al. Contributory metabolic factors in the development of nephrolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Jun;37(6):1140-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11382681?tool=bestpractice.com 远端肾小管酸中毒和低枸橼酸尿症可能会导致结石的形成。[25]Higashihara E, Nutahara K, Tago K, et al. Medullary sponge kidney and renal acidification defect. Kidney Int. 1984 Feb;25(2):453-9.https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)33147-1/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6727141?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Yagisawa T, Kobayashi C, Hayashi T, et al. Contributory metabolic factors in the development of nephrolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Jun;37(6):1140-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11382681?tool=bestpractice.com 远端肾小管酸中毒可导致低尿柠檬酸(钙结晶的抑制剂)和尿pH值碱性,这两种情况都有利于磷酸钙结石的形成。除了肾小管异常,尿液浓缩功能也可能存在轻微障碍。[25]Higashihara E, Nutahara K, Tago K, et al. Medullary sponge kidney and renal acidification defect. Kidney Int. 1984 Feb;25(2):453-9.https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)33147-1/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6727141?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Pabico RC, Mckenna BA, Freeman RB. Renal tubular dysfunction in patients with cystic disease of the kidneys. Urology. 1998 May;51(5A suppl):156-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9610573?tool=bestpractice.com 一些MSK患者出现的甲状旁腺功能亢进一度被认为是肾结石的病因,然而后来发现肾结石发生早于甲状旁腺功能亢进。[5]Maschio G, Tessitore N, D'Angelo A, et al. Medullary sponge kidney and hyperparathyroidism: a puzzling association. Am J Nephrol. 1982;2(2):77-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7180904?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dlabal PW, Jordan RM, Dorfman SG. Medullary sponge kidney and renal-leak hypercalciuria: a link to the development of parathyroid adenoma? JAMA. 1979 Apr 6;241(14):1490-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/430689?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, et al. Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s. Kidney Int. 2006 Feb;69(4):663-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16395272?tool=bestpractice.com