海绵肾

髓质海绵肾可能伴随先天畸形同时出现，例如偏身肥大（一侧躯体肥大）

MSK患者可能同时合并其他先天性缺陷如Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征（先天性过度生长）。

MSK患者可能同时患有其他先天性缺陷如Caroli病（纤维囊性肝病）。

MSK患者可同时合并其他先天性缺陷如先天性肝纤维化。

MSK患者可能发生其他先天性缺陷如Ehlers-Danlos综合征（结缔组织病）。

MSK可能同时发生其他先天性缺陷如常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾。

由于反复发作和/或肾结石感染，MSK患者可能发生肾脏疾病。

一些研究发现多数MSK患者存在高钙尿，[32]O'Neill M, Breslau NA, Pak CY. Metabolic evaluation of nephrolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. JAMA. 1981 Mar 27;245(12):1233-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7206112?tool=bestpractice.com 而其他研究仅在少数患者中发现高钙尿。[29]Yagisawa T, Kobayashi C, Hayashi T, et al. Contributory metabolic factors in the development of nephrolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Jun;37(6):1140-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11382681?tool=bestpractice.com 还有一些研究发现高钙尿在肾结石合并和不合并MSK的患者中有相似的发生率。[17]Parks JH, Coe FL, Strauss AL. Calcium nephrolithiasis and medullary sponge kidney in women. N Engl J Med. 1982 May 6;306(18):1088-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7070404?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Jungers P, Lacour E, Daudon M. Nephrolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. In: Borghi L, Meschi T, Briganti A, et al, eds. Proceedings of the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis. Parma, Italy: Editoriale Bios; 1999:589-91.[33]McPhail EF, Gettman MT, Patterson DE, et al. Nephrolithiasis in medullary sponge kidney: evaluation of clinical and metabolic features. Urology. 2012 Feb;79(2):277-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014971?tool=bestpractice.com

一些研究提示MSK多见于女性，然而其他研究则发现不存在性别差异。[17]Parks JH, Coe FL, Strauss AL. Calcium nephrolithiasis and medullary sponge kidney in women. N Engl J Med. 1982 May 6;306(18):1088-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7070404?tool=bestpractice.com

MSK可能与原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进有关。[5]Maschio G, Tessitore N, D'Angelo A, et al. Medullary sponge kidney and hyperparathyroidism: a puzzling association. Am J Nephrol. 1982;2(2):77-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7180904?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dlabal PW, Jordan RM, Dorfman SG. Medullary sponge kidney and renal-leak hypercalciuria: a link to the development of parathyroid adenoma? JAMA. 1979 Apr 6;241(14):1490-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/430689?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, et al. Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s. Kidney Int. 2006 Feb;69(4):663-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16395272?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Cobben JM, Breuning MH, Schoots C, et al. Congenital hepatic fibrosis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1990 Nov;38(5):880-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2266672?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Jordon D, Harpaz N, Thung SN. Caroli's disease and adult polycystic kidney disease: a rarely recognized association. Liver. 1989 Feb;9(1):30-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2921938?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Torres VE, Erickson SB, Smith LH, et al. The association of nephrolithiasis and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1988 Apr;11(4):318-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354568?tool=bestpractice.com 然而，甲状旁腺功能亢进可能于MSK后发生。