伴有肾结石和 MSK 的患者处理与不伴 MSK 患者相同。[40]Nakada SY, Erturk E, Monaghan J, et al. Role of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in treatment of urolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. Urology. 1993 Apr;41(4):331-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8470317?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有解剖异常的MSK患者,不能预防结石的反复发作。 然而,通过24h尿结石风险分析鉴定的危险因素可以用于直接指导饮食调整和药物治疗。[42]Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, et al. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1993 Dec;150(6):1761-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8230497?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, et al. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med. 1986 Nov 27;315(22):1386-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3534570?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):77-84.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa010369http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784873?tool=bestpractice.com
一项回顾性研究表明,枸橼酸钾不仅会提高存在代谢结石危险因素的患者的尿枸橼酸盐水平,还会减少高钙尿症。[45]Fabris A, Lupo A, Bernich P, et al. Long-term treatment with potassium citrate and renal stones in medullary sponge kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Sep;5(9):1663-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576821?tool=bestpractice.com
液体摄入应增加至大于2L/d,以保持高尿量和减少肾结石和UTI的风险。[46]Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, et al. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol. 1996 Mar;155(3):839-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583588?tool=bestpractice.com