伴肾结石
存在肾绞痛、肾结石和 MSK 的患者与没有 MSK 患者的治疗方法相同。[40]Nakada SY, Erturk E, Monaghan J, et al. Role of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in treatment of urolithiasis in patients with medullary sponge kidney. Urology. 1993 Apr;41(4):331-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8470317?tool=bestpractice.com 此处并没有回顾梗阻结石的泌尿系外科治疗。 随着腔内泌尿外科实践的发展,输尿管镜和经皮肾造口取石术已用于替代体外冲击波碎石术。[41]Ordon M, Urbach D, Mamdani M, et al. The surgical management of kidney stone disease: a population based time series analysis. J Urol. 2014 Nov;192(5):1450-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24866599?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有解剖结构异常的MSK患者,也许无法预防肾结石的反复发作。 然而,通过24h尿结石风险分析鉴定的危险因素可以用于直接指导饮食调整和药物治疗。[39]Fabris A, Bernich P, Abaterusso C, et al. Bone disease in medullary sponge kidney and effect of potassium citrate treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Dec;4(12):1974-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808216?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, et al. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1993 Dec;150(6):1761-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8230497?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, et al. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med. 1986 Nov 27;315(22):1386-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3534570?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):77-84.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa010369http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784873?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Fabris A, Lupo A, Bernich P, et al. Long-term treatment with potassium citrate and renal stones in medullary sponge kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Sep;5(9):1663-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576821?tool=bestpractice.com 一项回顾性研究发现枸橼酸钾不仅可以增加尿枸橼酸,也可以减少有代谢性结石风险患者高尿钙,但具体机制尚不明确。[45]Fabris A, Lupo A, Bernich P, et al. Long-term treatment with potassium citrate and renal stones in medullary sponge kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Sep;5(9):1663-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576821?tool=bestpractice.com
水摄入应该增加到不少于2L/d,以保持高尿量,减少肾结石和尿路感染的风险。[46]Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, et al. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol. 1996 Mar;155(3):839-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583588?tool=bestpractice.com 噻嗪类利尿剂可用于有肾钙质沉着症证据的患者,以降低尿钙及减少结石的形成。[47]Laerum E, Larsen S. Thiazide prophylaxis of urolithiasis: a double-blind study in general practice. Acta Med Scand. 1984;215(4):383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6375276?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Finkielstein VA, Goldfarb DS. Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones. CMAJ. 2006 May 9;174(10):1407-9.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/174/10/1407.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16682705?tool=bestpractice.com
如果发生肾结石感染,需要长疗程抗生素治疗并进行取石。