出血性卒中的死亡率为 35%~40%,显著高于缺血性卒中。[5]Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006 Feb 14;113(6):e85-151.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.105.171600http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407573?tool=bestpractice.com 发病后 3~6 个月,仅有 20%~30% 的出血性卒中患者能独立生活。血肿体积对预后的影响最大;年龄较大、发病时存在意识障碍和血肿破入脑室系统也与预后较差有关。[16]Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):891-7.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.32.4.891http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283388?tool=bestpractice.com 脑出血评分是一项用于预测死亡风险以及神经系统功能结局的简单有效的方法。[16]Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):891-7.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.32.4.891http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283388?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Hemphill JC 3rd, Farrant M, Neill TA Jr. Prospective validation of the ICH Score for 12-month functional outcome. Neurology. 2009 Oct 6;73(14):1088-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19726752?tool=bestpractice.com FUNC 评分是一个与之类似的评分,可用于评价 3 个月时神经系统功能结局。[112]Rost NS, Smith EE, Chang Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: the FUNC score. Stroke. 2008 Aug;39(8):2304-9.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/strokeaha.107.512202http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556582?tool=bestpractice.com 此类临床分级量表可根据最初的严重程度对患者进行分类,但在临床实践中使用这些数字需谨慎,因为它们已被证实对准确结果的估计过高。[113]Morgenstern LB, Zahuranec DB, Sánchez BN, et al. Full medical support for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2015 Apr 28;84(17):1739-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25817842?tool=bestpractice.com
指南建议维持正常的组织氧合、避免低血压、维持正常体温,同时控制高血糖,以防止对易损组织造成继发性损伤。还建议所有脑出血患者都应能够进行多学科康复治疗。[54]Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015 Jul;46(7):2032-60.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000069http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26022637?tool=bestpractice.com 在多数情况下,当继续治疗毫无意义时,应考虑终止生命支持(如机械通气支持)。[114]Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA, et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology. 2001 Mar 27;56(6):766-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11274312?tool=bestpractice.com