儿童期肥胖是多个因素导致的。 不同因素之间的相互作用(例如遗传易感性、行为习惯和文化习俗及环境影响)导致能量平衡失调,能量摄入超过能量消耗,最终导致易感人群肥胖。 许多因素往往共存于一人身上,因此很难独立于其他因素确定任一因素对肥胖形成的影响。 因为人群基因组成发生快速变化的可能性很低,但在过去 30 年里儿童期肥胖的患病率剧增,因此即使在遗传易感儿童中,行为和环境变化也必定起重要作用。
父母至少一方肥胖的儿童期肥胖风险较高。[8]Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25;337(13):869-73.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199709253371301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302300?tool=bestpractice.com
流行病学研究表明,少数族裔儿童期肥胖发病率较高,尤其在青少年期。在美国,目前西班牙裔男童和女童的超重和肥胖率最高。此外,不同人种的体育锻炼程度不同。[9]Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015 Nov;(219):1-8.http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db219.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633046?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Skinner AC, Ravanbakht SN, Skelton JA, et al. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999-2016. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3). pii: e20173459.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/141/3/e20173459.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29483202?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015 Nov;(219):1-8.http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db219.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633046?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25;337(13):869-73.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199709253371301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302300?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Nader PR, O'Brien M, Houts R, et al. Identifying risk for obesity in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):e594-601.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950951?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1871-87.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-1389http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598688?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Popkin BM. Ethnic differences in physical activity and inactivity patterns and overweight status. Obes Res. 2002 Mar;10(3):141-9.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2002.23/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11886936?tool=bestpractice.com
导致能量摄入增加的不良饮食习惯(包括高能量食物、大量饮食、快餐和含糖饮料)被认为是造成肥胖的一个因素。[13]Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):274-88.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/84/2/274.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895873?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,缺乏体育活动也可能是一个因素,并且研究表明大多数中学生都不符合建议的体育活动水平。[14]Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016 Jun 10;65(6):1-174.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ss/ss6506a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27280474?tool=bestpractice.com
另外儿童往往进行较多的久坐行为,包括花费较多时间看电视、玩视频游戏或在电脑上。 这可能会导致体育活动减少和食物摄入增加。 每天面对显示屏时间(例如看电视、玩视频游戏、上网)超过2 到 3 小时的儿童期肥胖风险较高。[15]Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Mar;162(3):239-45.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=379222http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316661?tool=bestpractice.com
在婴儿期内体重快速升高可能会增加童年期肥胖风险。[16]Ong KK, Loos RJ. Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obesity: systematic reviews and hopeful suggestions. Acta Paediatr. 2006 Aug;95(8):904-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882560?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Chomtho S, Wells JC, Williams JE, et al. Infant growth and later body composition: evidence from the 4-component model. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1776-84.http://www.ajcn.org/content/87/6/1776.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541568?tool=bestpractice.com
在 10 个地点对 1042 名健康美国儿童进行的纵向抽样调查中,童年期早发性肥胖(包括 24 - 54 月龄时 BMI>第 85 百分位数的儿童)在 12 岁时超重的可能性增加了 5 倍。此外,BMI>第 50 百分位数的儿童往往在青少年时出现超重。[10]Nader PR, O'Brien M, Houts R, et al. Identifying risk for obesity in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):e594-601.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950951?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项对 51,505 名德国儿童进行的基于人群的抽样调查中,关于 BMI 变化的前瞻性和回顾性分析显示,与 BMI 稳定的儿童相比,学龄前(但不是在校期间)每年 BMI 加速增高的儿童在青春期超重或肥胖的风险增加到 1.4 倍。[18]Geserick M, Vogel M, Gausche R, et al. Acceleration of BMI in early childhood and risk of sustained obesity. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 4;379(14):1303-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30281992?tool=bestpractice.com 在 8 岁时已经肥胖的儿童,成年后往往会有更严重的肥胖以及较高的疾病率。[19]Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, et al. Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2001 Sep;108(3):712-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533341?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Must A, Strauss RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Mar;23(suppl 2):S2-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10340798?tool=bestpractice.com
流行病学研究表明,在婴幼儿、儿童和青少年中睡眠时间短和肥胖之间存在相关性。[21]Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, et al. Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Apr;162(4):305-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18391138?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Liu X, Forbes EE, Ryan ND, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep in relation to overweight in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;65(8):924-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678797?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Halal CS, Matijasevich A, Howe LD, et al. Short sleep duration in the first years of life and obesity/overweight at age 4 years: a birth cohort study. J Pediatr. 2016 Jan;168:99-103.e3.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691233/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26541426?tool=bestpractice.com
肥胖也可能由医学原因导致,例如内分泌疾病(如甲状腺功能减退、库欣综合征、假性甲状旁腺功能减退症、颅咽管瘤手术后的下丘脑性肥胖)和遗传性综合征(如 Prader-Willi 综合征、巴-比二氏综合征),或者由药物导致(如神经精神病药物、皮质类固醇)。