新利司他
一种胃肠道和胰脂肪酶抑制剂,类似于奥利司他。 在患有糖尿病的肥胖成人中,研究发现用新利司他进行治疗可明显减轻体重和改善血糖控制,而且与奥利司他相比具有较少的不良反应。[91]Kopelman P, Groot Gde H, Rissanen A, et al. Weight loss, HbA1c reduction, and tolerability of cetilistat in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in obese diabetics: comparison with orlistat (Xenical). Obesity. 2010 Jan;18(1):108-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461584?tool=bestpractice.com
胰淀素类似物
胰淀素是一种肽类,与胰岛素一起由胰岛β细胞共同分泌的,在血糖和能量自稳调节中很重要。 已有一种胰淀素类似物,可用于治疗成人糖尿病,并且正在进行成人肥胖治疗临床试验。[92]Bray GA. Medical therapy for obesity - current status and future hopes. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1225-53, xi.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964918?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Smith SR, Aronne LJ, Burns CM, et al. Sustained weight loss following 12-month pramlintide treatment as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention in obesity. Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1816-23.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/9/1816.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753666?tool=bestpractice.com
利莫那班
利莫那班是一种选择性大麻素 1受体阻滞剂,研究表明对治疗成人肥胖有效。[94]Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Heshmati HM, et al; RIO-North America Study Group. Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients. RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Feb 15;295(7):761-75.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=202374http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478899?tool=bestpractice.com 但其可能与潜在的严重精神不良反应相关(包括抑郁和焦虑),患者可能有较高的自杀危险。[95]Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, et al. Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2007 Nov 17;370(9600):1706-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18022033?tool=bestpractice.com 由于这些反应,有些国家已将利莫那班撤离市场,包括欧洲和英国。
安非他酮
丁胺苯丙酮是一种去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂,可用于治疗成人抑郁症和戒烟。 已对其在治疗成人肥胖方面进行了研究。[92]Bray GA. Medical therapy for obesity - current status and future hopes. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1225-53, xi.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964918?tool=bestpractice.com 对缓释丁胺苯丙酮联用阿片类拮抗剂纳曲酮进行了研究。[96]Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):595-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673995?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 已批准这种组合用于治疗成人肥胖。
托吡酯
托吡酯是一种可引起体重减轻的抗惊厥药。 但不良反应包括抑郁和注意力集中困难及记忆困难,这将限制其用于儿童。[92]Bray GA. Medical therapy for obesity - current status and future hopes. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1225-53, xi.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964918?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,FDA 已批准托吡酯和苯丁胺组合用于治疗成人肥胖。
唑尼沙胺
唑尼沙胺是一种可引起体重减轻的抗惊厥药。 其具有血清素能和多巴胺能活性,另外还可抑制钠钙通道。[92]Bray GA. Medical therapy for obesity - current status and future hopes. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1225-53, xi.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964918?tool=bestpractice.com
艾塞那肽 4
艾塞那肽是一种肠促胰岛素类似物,正在肥胖成人中进行临床试验。 艾塞那肽 (Exenatide) 是一个人工合成制剂,可用于治疗成人 2 型糖尿病。 临床研究表明其可减少胃排空时间和降低食物摄入量。[92]Bray GA. Medical therapy for obesity - current status and future hopes. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1225-53, xi.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964918?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL, et al. Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan;24(1):275-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053320?tool=bestpractice.com 在儿童中开展的初步试验表明,可使严重肥胖儿童的体重指数 (BMI) 明显下降。[98]Kelly AS, Rudser KD, Nathan BM, et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy on body mass index in adolescents with severe obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Apr;167(4):355-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4010226/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380890?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Kelly AS, Metzig AM, Rudser KD, et al. Exenatide as a weight-loss therapy in extreme pediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Feb;20(2):364-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076596?tool=bestpractice.com
肽 YY(3-36)
肽 YY 是在就餐后由胃肠道释放的,通过抑制食欲起作用。 用一种鼻喷剂在成人中进行的临床试验没有达到主要终点,因此被停止。 正在研究减肥手术后体重减轻不足患者用肽 YY进行治疗。[100]Fenske WK, Bueter M, Miras AD, et al. Exogenous peptide YY3-36 and Exendin-4 further decrease food intake, whereas octreotide increases food intake in rats after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Mar;36(3):379-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21694700?tool=bestpractice.com
胃饥饿素拮抗剂
胃饥饿素是一种由胃分泌的小分子肽,被认为是就餐开始的信号。 因此,胃饥饿素拮抗剂可能有助于抑制食物摄入。
罗卡西林
罗卡西林 (Lorcaserin) 是一种高选择性强效 5-HT2c 激动剂,已在临床试验中证实其可通过增加饱腹感和减少进食量来使肥胖成人体重减轻。[101]Smith SR, Prosser WA, Donahue DJ, et al. Lorcaserin (APD356), a selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, reduces body weight in obese men and women. Obesity. 2009 Mar;17(3):494-503.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2008.537/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19057523?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Oct;96(10):3067-77.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/96/10/3067.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795446?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,FDA已批准罗卡西林用于治疗成人肥胖。
利拉鲁肽
胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 激动剂,已在美国被 FDA 批准用于成人肥胖的长期治疗。[103]Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Nov;37(11):1443-51.https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2013120http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812094?tool=bestpractice.com