预防童年期肥胖对控制肥胖流行至关重要。 预防策略必须从小开始,这是因为肥胖在各个年龄阶段都很难治疗,并且肥胖往往会持续到成人期。[8]Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25;337(13):869-73.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199709253371301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302300?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Golden NH, Schneider M, Wood C, et al. Preventing obesity and eating disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3). pii: e20161649.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/3/e20161649.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27550979?tool=bestpractice.com 有研究表明,母乳喂养可降低儿童期肥胖发生率。[30]Griffiths LJ, Smeeth L, Hawkins SS, et al. Effects of infant feeding practice on weight gain from birth to 3 years. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Aug;94(8):577-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019884?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,数据并不一致,其他研究则未显现出明显的效果。[31]Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, et al. A randomized breast-feeding promotion intervention did not reduce child obesity in Belarus. J Nutr. 2009 Feb;139(2):417-21S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106322?tool=bestpractice.com 基于其他健康获益,仍推荐母乳喂养。
美国儿科学会将其推荐的婴儿不应摄入果汁的月龄,从 6 个月及以下增加到 12 个月及以下,因为果汁不会为婴儿提供任何营养,并且容易导致不当的体重增加。4-6 岁儿童果汁每日摄入量应控制在 170 mL,7-18 岁儿童应控制在每日 230 mL。[32]Heyman MB, Abrams SA; Committee on Nutrition. Fruit juice in infants, children, and adolescents: current recommendations. Pediatrics. 2017 Jun;139(6). pii: e20170967.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/6/e20170967.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28562300?tool=bestpractice.com
一项系统评价发现,以学校为基础的预防干预措施,结合饮食和体育活动以及家庭因素,在预防肥胖方面最有效。该评价包括来自世界各地的 41 项研究。研究的缺乏和研究设计的异质性,限制了关于单纯学龄前干预、单纯社区干预和单纯家庭干预的结论得出。[33]Bleich SN, Vercammen KA, Zatz LY, et al. Interventions to prevent global childhood overweight and obesity: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Apr;6(4):332-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29066096?tool=bestpractice.com 相比之下,在英国 32 所学校进行的一项整群随机对照试验表明,在预防 9 至 10 岁儿童超重或肥胖方面,“健康生活方式计划”效果不佳或成本-效益不满意。[34]Wyatt K, Lloyd J, Creanor S, et al. Cluster randomised controlled trial and economic and process evaluation to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a novel intervention [Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP)] to prevent obesity in school children. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2018 Jan.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK476162/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29356471?tool=bestpractice.com 这强调了整体分析对预防肥胖的重要性。对美国母子进行的前瞻性队列研究表明,在其后代的儿童期和青春期,母亲坚持健康的生活方式(包括健康的体重指数 [BMI]、高质量饮食、定期运动、不吸烟和限制饮酒),其后代肥胖的风险可显著降低。这些发现强调了家庭中多因素干预措施对降低儿童肥胖风险的潜在益处。[35]Dhana K, Haines J, Liu G, et al. Association between maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle practices and risk of obesity in offspring: results from two prospective cohort studies of mother-child pairs in the United States. BMJ. 2018 Jul 4;362:k2486.https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2486.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29973352?tool=bestpractice.com
应至少每年计算一次儿童的 BMI,并绘制曲线图,同时在常规儿童保健访视时应评估儿童的饮食史和体育活动史。 另外还应评估肥胖家族史和儿童的 BMI 轨迹。 无论目前 BMI 如何,应定期向所有儿童提供鼓励健康行为的先期辅导,从而降低肥胖风险。[36]Waters E, de Silva-Sanigorski A, Hall BJ, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD001871.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161367?tool=bestpractice.com