儿童期肥胖的有效治疗策略很重要,这是因为肥胖儿童往往成人后仍然肥胖,[8]Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 25;337(13):869-73.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199709253371301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302300?tool=bestpractice.com 并且他们具有严重的肥胖相关健康风险。[11]Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1871-87.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-1389http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598688?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗方法包括健康生活方式调整(例如饮食改变、增加体育活动和减少久坐行为)、 [
]What are the benefits and harms of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for overweight and obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1859/full显示答案 药物治疗和减重手术。[11]Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1871-87.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-1389http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598688?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Spear BA, Barlow SE, Ervin C, et al. Recommendations for treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120(suppl 4):S254-88.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/Supplement_4/S254.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055654?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Uli N, Sundararajan S, Cuttler L. Treatment of childhood obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Feb;15(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185061?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Ho M, Garnett SP, Baur L, et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in child obesity: systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012 Dec;130(6):e1647-71.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/6/e1647.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166346?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明,强化干预措施更为有效。[56]O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Burda BU, et al. Screening for obesity and intervention for weight management in children and adolescents: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017 Jun 20;317(23):2427-44.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2632510http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28632873?tool=bestpractice.com 药物治疗适用于重度肥胖儿童或有其他危险因素的肥胖儿童。减重手术适用于重度肥胖青少年,而正在广泛研究此方法在青少年中的成功率和并发症。在接受减重手术的重度肥胖青少年中,已发现许多与心血管疾病相关的危险因素有所改善。体重减轻增加、女性性别和较小的年龄预示特定心血管危险因素消失的可能性较高。明确这些危险因素变化的预测指标可能有助于识别患者,并优化青少年减重手术的时机,从而改善临床结局。[57]Michalsky MP, Inge TH, Jenkins TM, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors after adolescent bariatric surgery. Pediatrics. 2018 Feb;141(2). pii: e20172485.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/141/2/e20172485.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29311357?tool=bestpractice.com 一项评估对有或无精神病诊断青少年疗效的研究发现,术前精神病诊断与术后体重减轻结局之间没有关联。[58]Mackey ER, Wang J, Harrington C, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses and weight loss among adolescents receiving sleeve gastrectomy. Pediatrics. 2018 Jul;142(1). pii: e20173432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29858452?tool=bestpractice.com 作者认为,精神疾病并不一定是外科手术的禁忌证。
生活方式调整
生活方式调整是所有体重指数 (BMI)≥第 85 百分位数儿童的初始和主要治疗方法。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for overweight and obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1859/full显示答案 父母和家人也采用健康生活方式习惯对儿童成功维持体重或减轻体重极为重要。[59]Golan M. Parents as agents of change in childhood obesity - from research to practice. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1(2):66-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907317?tool=bestpractice.com
应鼓励儿童避免含糖饮料、减少食量和限制高能量食物及快餐。[11]Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1871-87.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-1389http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598688?tool=bestpractice.com[60]James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, et al. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004 May 22;328(7450):1237.http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7450/1237.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15107313?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Chen L, Appel LJ, Loria C, et al. Reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight loss: the PREMIER trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1299-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339405?tool=bestpractice.com 研究表明,不喝含糖饮料可明显减少热量摄入和肥胖。[60]James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, et al. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004 May 22;328(7450):1237.http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7450/1237.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15107313?tool=bestpractice.com 应建议采用水果及蔬菜丰富的饮食,并且应在学校中提供健康食物选择。 应鼓励在家就餐,而且家庭参与至关重要。 如果可能,在家中杜绝不健康的食物。 有许多饮食可供选择,但没有证据表明某种饮食比其他更适合儿童。[54]Uli N, Sundararajan S, Cuttler L. Treatment of childhood obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Feb;15(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185061?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Gibson LJ, Peto J, Warren JM, et al. Lack of evidence on diets for obesity for children: a systematic review. Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Dec;35(6):1544-52.http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/6/1544.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984930?tool=bestpractice.com
应鼓励儿童每天至少进行 60 分钟的体育活动。[63]Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr. 2005 Jun;146(6):732-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15973308?tool=bestpractice.com[64]US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. 2015-2020 dietary guidelines for Americans, 8th edition. December 2015 [internet publication].https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/ 应进行与年龄相符,并吸引儿童的活动,以促进其依从性。同时也鼓励家庭参与,促进体育活动。单纯运动的效果,不如联合饮食调整。每天看电视及可自由支配的面对显示屏时间(例如操作电脑、电视游戏、上网)应限制在 2 小时以内,因为这可能与肥胖风险相关。[15]Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Mar;162(3):239-45.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=379222http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316661?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Adachi-Mejia AM, Longacre MR, Gibson JJ, et al. Children with a TV in their bedroom at higher risk for being overweight. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Apr;31(4):644-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16969360?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Robinson TN. Television viewing and childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001 Aug;48(4):1017-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11494635?tool=bestpractice.com 美国心脏协会在其 2018 年的科学声明中确认,需要更具体的数据来建立儿童面对显示屏的时间和其他久坐行为的量化指南。在获得这些数据之前,他们建议:在卧室中以及用餐时将显示屏移走;鼓励每日进行不使用显示屏的社交互动和户外游戏;并支持父母限制显示屏观看时间,树立减少观看显示屏的榜样。[67]Barnett TA, Kelly AS, Young DR, et al. Sedentary behaviors in today's youth: approaches to the prevention and management of childhood obesity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018 Sep 11;138(11):e142-59.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000591http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30354382?tool=bestpractice.com
由于儿童具有身体仍在生长的优势,许多儿童可通过维持体重或逐渐降低体重来瘦身,从而降低 BMI 百分位数。
咨询
行为调整疗法结合饮食调整和增加运动可能有益。[68]Wilfley DE, Stein RI, Saelens BE, et al. Efficacy of maintenance treatment approaches for childhood overweight: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Oct 10;298(14):1661-73.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=209133http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17925518?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Epstein LH, Valoski A, Wing RR, et al. Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Health Psychol. 1994 Sep;13(5):373-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7805631?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for overweight and obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1859/full显示答案 如果在 6 个月后 BMI 仍然没有改善,或者父母患有肥胖,则应提供更深入的咨询来进行结构化体重管理。
通过对 150 名超重和肥胖儿童(8-12 岁)及其父母进行为期 24 个月的随机试验,比较了基于家庭和父母的减重疗法对儿童减重的效果。减重治疗包括在 6 个月内进行 20 次一小时的小组会议,和 30 分钟的个性化行为辅导(孩子在场或不在场)。结果表明,以父母为基础的治疗非劣效于以家庭为基础的减重治疗。[70]Boutelle KN, Rhee KE, Liang J, et al. Effect of attendance of the child on body weight, energy intake, and physical activity in childhood obesity treatment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(7):622–28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28558104?tool=bestpractice.com
超重儿童(BMI ≥第85至第94百分位)
应向所有儿童及其家人提供健康生活方式调整相关的建议。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for overweight and obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1859/full显示答案 多年保持同一 BMI 百分位数并且没有其他医学危险因素或肥胖家族史的儿童,体脂过量风险可能较低,这是因为 BMI 只是肥胖的一个间接度量。 治疗目标是维持增重速度(或在线性生长完成后保持体重),对 BMI 百分位数增长或其他危险因素进行密切评估。
对于有其他危险因素的儿童(例如 2 型糖尿病家族史、非白人和/或黑棘皮病、多囊卵巢综合征、高血压或血脂异常等胰岛素抵抗相关的疾病),如果在 6 个月后 BMI 仍然没有改善或父母患有肥胖,应接受更深入的辅导以进行结构化体重管理。 某些患者每周体重减轻不超过 0.9 kg,但可从中获益,最终使 BMI 降到 第85百分位 以下。
肥胖儿童(BMI ≥第95至 第99百分位)
应向所有儿童及其家人提供健康生活方式调整相关的建议。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for overweight and obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1859/full显示答案 如果在 6 个月后 BMI 仍然没有改善,或者父母患有肥胖,提供更深入的辅导以进行结构化体重管理,并应考虑转诊进行全面的多学科干预。
年龄为 2 到 11 岁
年龄为 12 到 18 岁
治疗目标是每周体重减轻不超过 0.9 kg。
有不适当体重反应的儿童应转诊进行三级医疗干预,其中可能包括药物治疗。[71]Mead E, Atkinson G, Richter B, et al. Drug interventions for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(11):CD012436.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012436/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27899001?tool=bestpractice.com
奥利司他是目前唯一已在某些国家批准用于儿童的药物。[72]Dunican KC, Desilets AR, Montalbano JK. Pharmacotherapeutic options for overweight adolescents. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Sep;41(9):1445-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652127?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Wald AB, Uli NK. Pharmacotherapy in pediatric obesity: current agents and future directions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2009 Sep;10(3):205-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19688265?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Boland CL, Harris JB, Harris KB. Pharmacological management of obesity in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Feb;49(2):220-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366340?tool=bestpractice.com 它可通过抑制肠脂肪酶来抑制脂肪吸收,已批准用于≥12 岁的儿童(BMI 的变化范围从 -0.55 kg/m² 到最高 -4.09 kg/m²)。[75]Chanoine JP, Hampl S, Jensen C, et al. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Jun 15;293(23):2873-83.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=201079http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956632?tool=bestpractice.com西布曲明 (sibutramine) 曾获得批准;但是,欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 在 2010 年 1 月出于安全考虑,暂停了西布曲明在欧盟地区的应用许可。[76]European Medicines Agency. Press release: European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for sibutramine. January 2010 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/01/news_detail_000985.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1 因临床试验数据显示心脏病发作和卒中的风险增高,生产商在 2010 年 10 月主动撤市。在其他一些国家/地区仍可获取西布曲明。
尽管未被批准用于治疗肥胖,但研究表明二甲双胍可使体重减轻(平均 BMI 减少 0.5 kg/m²),同时不良反应相对较少。[72]Dunican KC, Desilets AR, Montalbano JK. Pharmacotherapeutic options for overweight adolescents. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Sep;41(9):1445-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652127?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Freemark M, Bursey D. The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics. 2001 Apr;107(4):e55.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/107/4/e55.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11335776?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Kay JP, Alemzadeh R, Langley G, et al. Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism. 2001 Dec;50(12):1457-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735093?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Desilets AR, Dhakal-Karki S, Dunican KC. Role of metformin for weight management in patients without type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;42(6):817-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477733?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Park MH, Kinra S, Ward KJ, et al. Metformin for obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2009 Sep;32(9):1743-5.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/9/1743.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502540?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Bouza C, López-Cuadrado T, Gutierrez-Torres LF, et al. Efficacy and safety of metformin for treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescents: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts. 2012;5(5):753-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23108505?tool=bestpractice.com[82]McDonagh MS, Selph S, Ozpinar A, et al. Systematic review of the benefits and risks of metformin in treating obesity in children aged 18 years and younger. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Feb;168(2):178-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343296?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Pastor-Villaescusa B, Cañete MD, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Metformin for obesity in prepubertal and pubertal children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2017 Jul;140(1). pii: e20164285.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/1/e20164285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29192008?tool=bestpractice.com
重度肥胖儿童(BMI>第 99 百分位数)
应向所有儿童及其家人提供健康生活方式调整相关的建议。 [
]What are the benefits and harms of diet, physical activity, and behavioral interventions for overweight and obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1859/full显示答案 如果在 6 个月后 BMI 仍然没有改善,或者父母患有肥胖,提供更深入的辅导以进行结构化体重管理,并应考虑转诊进行全面的多学科干预。
年龄为 2 到 5 岁
年龄为 6 到 11 岁
年龄为 12 到 18 岁
治疗目标是每周体重减轻不超过 0.9 kg。
有不适当体重反应的儿童应转诊进行三级医疗干预,其中可能包括药物治疗或减肥手术。
对于青春期发育Tanner分期达到 4 或 5期,以及达到最终身高或接近最终身高,BMI≥40 且有轻度并存疾病或者 BMI>35 且有极严重并存疾病的患儿,方考虑进行手术。儿童必须能够坚持健康的饮食和活动,才可接受手术。
最常用的手术方法是腹腔镜可调节胃束带术、Roux-en-Y 胃旁路术和垂直袖状胃切除术。目前正大力研究青少年人群的减重手术结局。[54]Uli N, Sundararajan S, Cuttler L. Treatment of childhood obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Feb;15(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18185061?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Keidar A, Hecht L, Weiss R. Bariatric surgery in obese adolescents. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011 May;14(3):286-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358403?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Aikenhead A, Knai C, Lobstein T. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of paediatric bariatric surgery: a systematic review Clin Obes. 2011 Feb;1(1):12-25.[86]White B, Doyle J, Colville S, et al. Systematic review of psychological and social outcomes of adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery, and predictors of success. Clin Obes. 2015 Dec;5(6):312-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26541244?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Ells LJ, Mead E, Atkinson G, et al. Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD011740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26104326?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Inge TH, Courcoulas AP, Jenkins TM, et al; Teen-LABS Consortium. Weight loss and health status 3 years after bariatric surgery in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 14;374(2):113-23.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506699http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26544725?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Wasserman H, Inge TH. Bariatric surgery in obese adolescents: opportunities and challenges. Pediatr Ann. 2014 Sep;43(9):e230-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25198448?tool=bestpractice.com
手术可通过限制或吸收不良机制减少热量摄入。 术后患者必须终生改变饮食习惯。[90]Fullmer MA, Abrams SH, Hrovat K, et al. Nutritional strategy for adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery: report of a working group of the Nutrition Committee of NASPGHAN/NACHRI. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan;54(1):125-35.http://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2012/01000/Nutritional_Strategy_for_Adolescents_Undergoing.27.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21857247?tool=bestpractice.com
存在广泛的围手术期风险和术后营养风险。
有经验丰富的医生,以及能够跟踪患者了解长期代谢或心理社会问题的团队,方可实施手术。