腹裂和脐膨出的病因尚不明确,现已有多种理论尝试来解释这些腹壁缺损的成因。 由于对这些疾病病因认识不清,因此很难进行有针对性的疾病预防。 一些研究表明妊娠期服用娱乐性药物可能为腹裂的危险因素。[10]Draper ES, Rankin J, Tonks AM, et al. Recreational drug use: a major risk factor for gastroschisis? Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 15;167(4):485-91.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/4/485.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063593?tool=bestpractice.com 另有研究表明妊娠期每日服用复合维生素的年轻孕妇,其孩子腹裂的发病率较低。[11]Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Occurrence of omphalocele in relation to maternal multivitamin use: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2002 May;109(5):904-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11986454?tool=bestpractice.com 而吸烟的青少年孕妇产出的婴儿腹裂发病率有所升高。[3]Nichols CR, Dickinson JE, Pemberton PJ. Rising incidence of gastroschisis in teenage pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;6(4):225-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9260121?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Werler MM, Mitchell AA, Shapiro S. Demographic, reproductive, medical and environmental factors in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology. 1992 Apr;45(4):353-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533957?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Salihu HM, Boos R, Schmidt W. Omphalocele and gastroschisis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Sep;22(5):489-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521414?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Salihu HM, Emusu D, Aliyu ZY, et al. Omphalocele, advanced maternal age, and fetal morbidity outcomes. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jun 1;135(2):161-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15887299?tool=bestpractice.com
事实证明,无论是腹裂还是脐膨出,胎儿腹壁缺损的发生均与妊娠期吸烟存在关联。研究表明吸烟会引起血管收缩,因而造成胎盘功能不全和血管系统发育不良。[10]Draper ES, Rankin J, Tonks AM, et al. Recreational drug use: a major risk factor for gastroschisis? Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 15;167(4):485-91.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/4/485.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063593?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Torfs CP, Velie EM, Oechsli FW, et al. A population-based study of gastroschisis: demographic, pregnancy, and lifestyle risk factors. Teratology. 1994 Jul;50(1):44-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7974254?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Goldbaum G, Daling J, Milham S. Risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology. 1990 Oct;42(4):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2147789?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Laughon M, Meyer R, Bose C, et al. Rising birth prevalence of gastroschisis. J Perinatol. 2003 Jun;23(4):291-3.http://www.nature.com/jp/journal/v23/n4/full/7210896a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12774135?tool=bestpractice.com 若产妇有妊娠期感染和疾病,则新生儿可能发生脐膨出和腹裂。 这表明产妇疾病可引起胎盘功能不全,继而导致胎儿腹壁缺损。[4]Werler MM, Mitchell AA, Shapiro S. Demographic, reproductive, medical and environmental factors in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology. 1992 Apr;45(4):353-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533957?tool=bestpractice.com 还有研究表明腹壁缺损与妊娠期生殖泌尿系感染有关。[15]Feldkamp ML, Reefhuis J, Kucik J, et al. Case-control study of self reported genitourinary infections and risk of gastroschisis: findings from the national birth defects prevention study, 1997-2003. BMJ. 2008 Jun 21;336(7658):1420-3.http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7658/1420.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18558640?tool=bestpractice.com