事实证明,无论是腹裂还是脐膨出,胎儿腹壁缺损的发生均与妊娠期吸烟存在关联。研究表明吸烟会引起血管收缩,因而造成胎盘功能不全和血管系统发育不良。[10]Draper ES, Rankin J, Tonks AM, et al. Recreational drug use: a major risk factor for gastroschisis? Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 15;167(4):485-91.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/4/485.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063593?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Torfs CP, Velie EM, Oechsli FW, et al. A population-based study of gastroschisis: demographic, pregnancy, and lifestyle risk factors. Teratology. 1994 Jul;50(1):44-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7974254?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Goldbaum G, Daling J, Milham S. Risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology. 1990 Oct;42(4):397-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2147789?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Laughon M, Meyer R, Bose C, et al. Rising birth prevalence of gastroschisis. J Perinatol. 2003 Jun;23(4):291-3.http://www.nature.com/jp/journal/v23/n4/full/7210896a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12774135?tool=bestpractice.com 吸烟的青少年孕妇的孩子腹裂发病率有所升高。[3]Nichols CR, Dickinson JE, Pemberton PJ. Rising incidence of gastroschisis in teenage pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;6(4):225-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9260121?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Werler MM, Mitchell AA, Shapiro S. Demographic, reproductive, medical and environmental factors in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology. 1992 Apr;45(4):353-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533957?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Salihu HM, Boos R, Schmidt W. Omphalocele and gastroschisis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 Sep;22(5):489-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521414?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Salihu HM, Emusu D, Aliyu ZY, et al. Omphalocele, advanced maternal age, and fetal morbidity outcomes. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jun 1;135(2):161-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15887299?tool=bestpractice.com