慢性脊髓损伤

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Critchley E, Eisen A. Spinal cord disease: basic science, diagnosis and management. London: Springer Verlag London; 1997.

World Health Organization: international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Short version. Geneva, WHO; 2001.

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Harvey L. Management of spinal cord injuries: a guide for physiotherapists. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2008.

Cardenas DD, Nieshoff EC, Suda K, et al. A randomized trial of pregabalin in patients with neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury. Neurology. 2013;80:533-539.

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Merli GJ, Herbison GJ, Ditunno JF, et al. Deep vein thrombosis: prophylaxis in acute spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:661-664.

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1.  Royal College of Physicians. Chronic spinal cord injury: management of patients in acute hospital settings. February 2008 [internet publication].

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2.  National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Facts and figures at a glance. 2018 [internet publication].

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3.  Pang D, Wilberger JE Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg. 1982;57:114-129.

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4.  Kang JD, Figgie MP, Bohlman HH. Sagittal measurements of the cervical spine in subaxial fractures and dislocations. An analysis of two hundred and eighty-eight patients with and without neurological deficits. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:1617-1628.

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5.  Steeves JD, Jordan LM. Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled treadmill locomotion. Neurosci Lett. 1980;20:283-288.

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6.  Lawrence DG, Kuypers HG. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain. 1968;91:1-14.

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7.  Hayashi N, Green BA, Gonzalez-Carvajal M, et al. Local blood flow, oxygen tension, and oxygen consumption in the rat spinal cord. Part 2: relation to segmental level. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:526-530.

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8.  Kobrine AI, Doyle TF, Rizzoli HV. Spinal cord blood flow as affected by changes in systemic arterial blood pressure. J Neurosurg. 1976;44:12-15.

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9.  Everaert K, de Waard WI, Van Hoof T, et al. Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology related to sexual dysfunction in male neurogenic patients with lesions to the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Spinal Cord. 2010;48:182-191.

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10.  Bughi S, Shaw SJ, Mahmood G, et al. Amenorrhea, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes in women following spinal cord injury: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Endocr Pract. 2008;14:437-441.

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11.  Jackson AB, Wadley V. A multicenter study of women's self-reported reproductive health after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1420-1428.

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12.  Ditunno JF Jr, Formal CS. Chronic spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:550-556.

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13.  Morawietz C, Moffat F. Effects of locomotor training after incomplete spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:2297-2308.

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14.  Fehlings MG, Vaccaro A, Wilson JR, et al. Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: results of the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS). PLoS One. 2012;7:e32037.

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15.  Critchley E, Eisen A. Spinal cord disease: basic science, diagnosis and management. London: Springer Verlag London; 1997.

16.  Snell RS. Clinical neuroanatomy. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.

17.  de Miguel M, Kraychete DC. Pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a review. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59:350-357.

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18.  Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206-207.

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19.  Cadotte DW, Wilson JR, Mikulis D, et al. Conventional MRI as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in spinal cord injury: a systemic review of its application to date and an overview on emerging MRI methods. Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2011;5:121-133.

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20.  Erol B, Kocak T, Kadioglu A, et al. The relationship between level of injury and bladder behavior in patients with post-traumatic spinal cord injury [in Turkish]. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2009;15:377-382.

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21.  Cameron AP, Rodriguez GM, Schomer KG. Systematic review of urological followup after spinal cord injury. J Urol. 2012;187:391-397.

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22.  Kostovski E, Iversen PO, Hjeltnes N. Complications of chronic spinal cord injury [in Norwegian]. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen. 2010;130:1242-1245.

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23.  Cadotte DW, Fehlings MG. Spinal cord injury: a systematic review of current treatment options. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:732-741.

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24.  World Health Organization: international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Short version. Geneva, WHO; 2001.

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25.  Post MW, Kirchberger I, Scheuringer M, et al. Outcome parameters in spinal cord injury research: a systematic review using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a reference. Spinal Cord. 2010;48:522-528.

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26.  Harvey L. Management of spinal cord injuries: a guide for physiotherapists. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2008.

27.  Devillard X, Rimaud D, Roche F, et al. Effects of training programs for spinal cord injury. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2007;50:490-498.

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28.  Lam T, Eng JJ, Wolfe DL, et al; SCIRE Research Team. A systematic review of the efficacy of gait rehabilitation strategies for spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13:32-57.

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29.  Charmetant C, Phaner V, Condemine A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in spinal cord injury patients: a literature review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;53:655-668.

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30.  Jones ML, Evans N, Tefertiller C, et al. Activity-based therapy for recovery of walking in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: results from a randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:2239-2246.e2.

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31.  Boswell-Ruys CL, Harvey LA, Barker JJ, et al. Training unsupported sitting in people with chronic spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2010;48:138-143.

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32.  Musselman KE, Fouad K, Misiaszek JE, et al. Training of walking skills overground and on the treadmill: case series on individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2009;89:601-611.

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33.  Phillips AA, Cote AT, Warburton DE. A systematic review of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to improve arterial function in persons living with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:702-714.

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34.  Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, et al. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord. 2018 Apr;56(4):308-321.

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35.  McKim DA, Road J, Avendano M, et al. Home mechanical ventilation: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011;18:197-215.

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36.  Michael SM, Porter D, Pountney TE. Tilted seat position for non-ambulant individuals with neurological and neuromuscular impairment: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21:1063-1074.

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37.  Postma K, Haisma JA, Hopman MT, et al. Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2014;94:1709-1719.

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38.  Srivastava A, Gupta A, Taly AB, et al. Surgical management of pressure ulcers during inpatient neurologic rehabilitation: outcomes for patients with spinal cord disease. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:125-131.

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39.  Li L, Ye W, Ruan H, et al. Impact of hydrophilic catheters on urinary tract infections in people with spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:782-787.

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40.  Krassioukov A, Eng JJ, Claxton G, et al. Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the evidence. Spinal Cord. 2010;48:718-733.

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41.  Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of chronic pain. December 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 30 March 2017).

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42.  Wyndaele JJ. Pain in individuals who suffered a spinal cord injury. How does pain interfere? Hope for improved management. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:351.

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43.  Mehta S, McIntyre A, Janzen S, et al; Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Team. Systematic review of pharmacologic treatments of pain after spinal cord injury: an update. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97:1381-1391.e1.

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44.  National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings. Updated April 2018 [internet publication].

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45.  Mehta S, McIntyre A, Dijkers M, et al. Gabapentinoids are effective in decreasing neuropathic pain and other secondary outcomes after spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:2180-2186.

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46.  Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, et al. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD008242.

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47.  Mehta S, Janzen, S, Loh E, et al. Poster 96 Opioid treatment for chronic pain following spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2012;93:e42.

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48.  Fann JR, Bombardier CH, Richards JS, et al. Venlafaxine extended-release for depression following spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:247-258.

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49.  Richards JS, Bombardier CH, Wilson CS, et al. Efficacy of venlafaxine XR for the treatment of pain in patients with spinal cord injury and major depression: a randomized, controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96:680-689.

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50.  Eccleston C, Hearn L, Williams AC. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD011259.

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51.  Krassioukov A, Warburton DE, Teasell R, et al. A systematic review of the management of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:682-695.

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52.  Prévinaire JG, Mathias CJ, El Masri W, et al. The isolated sympathetic spinal cord: cardiovascular and sudomotor assessment in spinal cord injury patients: a literature survey. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;53:520-532.

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53.  Courtois F, Rodrigue X, Côté I, et al. Sexual function and autonomic dysreflexia in men with spinal cord injuries: how should we treat? Spinal Cord. 2012;50:869-877.

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54.  Wessels M, Lucas C, Eriks I, et al. Body weight-supported gait training for restoration of walking in people with an incomplete spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42:513-519.

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55.  Berney S, Bragge P, Granger C, et al. The acute respiratory management of cervical spinal cord injury in the first 6 weeks after injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:17-29.

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56.  Mehta S, Hill D, McIntyre A, et al. Meta-analysis of botulinum toxin A detrusor injections in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:1473-1481.

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57.  Darouiche RO, Al Mohajer M, Siddiq DM, et al. Short versus long course of antibiotics for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled noninferiority trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:290-296.

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58.  Chancellor MB, Patel V, Leng WW, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA improves quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Neurology. 2013;81:841-848.

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59.  Coggrave M, Norton C, Cody JD. Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD002115.

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60.  Zuliani V, Rivara M, Fantini M, et al. Sodium channel blockers for neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2010;20:755-779.

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61.  Cardenas DD, Nieshoff EC, Suda K, et al. A randomized trial of pregabalin in patients with neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury. Neurology. 2013;80:533-539.

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62.  Xu XM, Onifer SM. Transplantation-mediated strategies to promote axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;169:171-182.

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63.  Baptiste DC, Fehlings MG. Emerging drugs for spinal cord injury. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008;13:63-80.

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64.  Bauchet, L. Lonjon N, Perrin FE, et al. Strategies for spinal cord repair after injury: a review of the literature and information. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;52:330-351.

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65.  Ding JG. Transfection gene treatment of spinal cord injury with spinal cord-derived neural stem cells. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Engineer Res. 2007;11:1321-1324.

66.  Kwon BK, Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG. Emerging repair, regeneration, and translational research advances for spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(21 Suppl):S263-S270.

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67.  Li W. Neural stem cells for repairing spinal cord injury. J Clin Rehab Tissue Engineering Res. 2011;1:151-154.

68.  Hayes Inc. Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord injury. Lansdale, PA: Hayes Inc.; 2011.

69.  Tetzlaff W, Okon EB, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S, et al. A systematic review of cellular transplantation therapies for spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28:1611-1682.

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70.  Yuan ML, Guo JH, Yang Z, et al. Genetic modified olfactory ensheathing cells for treating spinal cord injury: possibility to be the first choice. J Clin Rehab Tissue Engineering Res. 2010;44:8307-8310.

71.  Liu CL, Wu Y. Advances of stem cells transplantation for spinal cord injury. J Clin Rehab Tissue Engineering Res. 2011;15:6051-6055.

72.  Nandoe Tewarie RS, Hurtado A, Bartels RH, et al. Stem cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:105-114.

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73.  Grumbles RM, Sesodia S, Wood PM, et al. Neurotrophic factors improve motoneuron survival and function of muscle reinnervated by embryonic neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68:736-746.

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74.  Shen YX, Zhang P, Zhao JG. A potential therapeutic approach for human spinal cord injuries: Subarachnoid puncture for OECs transplantation. Med Hypotheses. 2009;73:863-864.

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75.  Garcia-Alias G, Barkhuysen S, Buckle M, et al. Chondroitinase ABC treatment opens a window of opportunity for task-specific rehabilitation. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12:1145-1151.

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76.  Musienko P, van den Brand R, Maerzendorfer O, et al. Combinatory electrical and pharmacological neuroprosthetic interfaces to regain motor function after spinal cord injury. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2009;56:2707-2711.

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77.  Nightingale EJ, Raymond J, Middleton JW, et al. Benefits of FES gait in a spinal cord injured population. Spinal Cord. 2007;45:646-657.

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78.  Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Functional electrical stimulation for children with spinal cord injuries or cerebral palsy: Update of review of clinical effectiveness. August 2015 [internet publication].

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79.  Angeli CA, Boakye M, Morton RA, et al. Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 27;379(13):1244-1250.

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80.  Tan G, Rintala DH, Jensen MP, et al. Efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a multi-site randomized controlled trial with a secondary 6-month open-label phase. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34:285-296.

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81.  Nance PW, Huff FJ, Martinez-Arizala A, et al. Efficacy and safety study of arbaclofen placarbil in patients with spasticity due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2011;49:974-980.

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82.  Han ZA, Song DH, Oh HM, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Ann Neurol. 2016;79:569-578.

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83.  Craig A, Nicholson Perry K, Guest R, et al. Adjustment following chronic spinal cord injury: determining factors that contribute to social participation. Br J Health Psychol. 2015;20:807-823.

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84.  Müller R, Peter C, Cieza A, et al. The role of social support and social skills in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 2012;50:94-106.

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85.  Lidal IB, Huynh TK, Biering-Sørensen F. Return to work following spinal cord injury: a review. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:1341-1375.

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86.  Kennedy P, Sherlock O, McClelland M, et al. A multi-centre study of the community needs of people with spinal cord injuries: the first 18 months. Spinal Cord. 2009;48:15-20.

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87.  National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Centre. The 2013 annual statistical report for the spinal cord injury model systems. 2013. https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/ (last accessed 30 March 2017).

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88.  Wilson JR, Cadotte DW, Fehlings MG. Clinical predictors of neurological outcome, functional status, and survival after traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17:11-26.

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89.  Connolly FR, Aitken LM, Tower M. An integrative review of self-efficacy and patient recovery post acute injury. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70:714-728.

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90.  Merli GJ, Herbison GJ, Ditunno JF, et al. Deep vein thrombosis: prophylaxis in acute spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:661-664.

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91.  Kamen L, Henney HR III, Runyan JD. A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:425-439.

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92.  Gelis A, Dupeyron A, Legros P, et al. Pressure ulcer risk factors in persons with spinal cord injury. Part 2: the chronic stage. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:651-661.

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93.  Gelis A, Dupeyron A, Legros P, et al. Pressure ulcer risk factors in persons with SCI. Part 1: acute and rehabilitation stages. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:99-107.

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94.  De Groot PC, van Kuppevelt DH, Pons C, et al. Time course of arterial vascular adaptations to inactivity and paralyses in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1977-1985.

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95.  Seidl RO, Nusser-Müller-Busch R, Kurzweil M, et al. Dysphagia in acute tetraplegics: a retrospective study. Spinal Cord. 2009;48:197-201.

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96.  Chelvarajah R, Knight SL, Craggs MD, et al. Orthostatic hypotension following spinal cord injury: impact on the use of standing apparatus. NeuroRehabilitation. 2009;24:237-242.

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97.  Gillis DJ, Wouda M, Hjeltnes N. Non-pharmacological management of orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury: a critical review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 2008;46:652-659.

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98.  Teasell RW, Mehta S, Aubut JL, et al; SCIRE Research Team. A systematic review of the therapeutic interventions for heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2010;48:512-521.

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99.  Ashe MC, Craven C, Eng JJ, et al; SCIRE Research Team. Prevention and treatment of bone loss after a spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13:123-145.

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100.  Biering-Sørensen F, Hansen B, Lee BS. Non-pharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:508-518.

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101.  Kalpakjian CZ, Bombardier CH, Schomer K, et al. Measuring depression in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:6-24.

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102.  Dorstyn D, Mathias J, Denson L. Efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for the management of psychological outcomes following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. J Health Psychol. 2011;16:374-391.

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103.  Craig A, Tran Y, Middleton J. Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:108-114.

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104.  Courtois F, Charvier K, Leriche A, et al. Sexual and climactic responses in men with traumatic spinal injury: a model for rehabilitation. Sexologies. 2009;18:79-82.

105.  Chevalier Z, Kennedy P, Sherlock O. Spinal cord injury, coping and psychological adjustment: a literature review. Spinal Cord 2009;47:778-782.

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106.  Krause JS. Risk and protective factors for mortality after spinal cord injury. Future Neurol. 2010;5:757-764.

107.  Powell M, Kirschblum S, O'Connor KC. Duplex ultrasound screening for deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injured patients at rehabilitation admission. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1044-1046.

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108.  Merli GJ, Crabbe S, Paluzzi RG, et al. Etiology, incidence, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:1199-1205.

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109.  McIntyre A, Janzen S, Mehta S, et al. Poster 108 A systematic review examining efficacy of intrathecal baclofen on spasticity in individuals greater than six months post-spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2012;93:e45.

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