PTPN11:50%-60% 的 Noonan 综合征患者均存在该基因的突变。[11]Tartaglia M, Mehler EL, Goldberg R, et al. Mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2001 Dec;29(4):465-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704759?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Tartaglia M, Kalidas K, Shaw A, et al. PTPN11 mutations in Noonan syndrome: molecular spectrum, genotype-phenotype correlation, and phenotypic heterogeneity. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Jun;70(6):1555-63.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379142/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11992261?tool=bestpractice.com 该突变与肺动脉狭窄、身材矮小、易瘀伤伴 VIII 因子缺乏、漏斗胸畸形及典型面容相关。[11]Tartaglia M, Mehler EL, Goldberg R, et al. Mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2001 Dec;29(4):465-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704759?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Tartaglia M, Kalidas K, Shaw A, et al. PTPN11 mutations in Noonan syndrome: molecular spectrum, genotype-phenotype correlation, and phenotypic heterogeneity. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Jun;70(6):1555-63.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379142/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11992261?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Yoshida R, Hasegawa T, Hasegawa Y, et al. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 mutation analysis and clinical assessment in 45 patients with Noonan syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3359-64.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2003-032091http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240615?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Limal JM, Parfait B, Cabrol S, et al. Noonan syndrome: relationships between genotype, growth, and growth factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):300-6.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2005-0983http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263833?tool=bestpractice.com 近半数 Noonan 综合征和幼年型粒单核细胞白血病患儿中均发现了 73Ile 突变。[2]Kratz CP, Niemeyer CM, Castleberry RP, et al. The mutational spectrum of PTPN11 in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and Noonan syndrome/myeloproliferative disease. Blood. 2005 Sep 15;106(6):2183-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1895140/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15928039?tool=bestpractice.com
SOS1:Noonan 综合征的第二主要基因。10%-15% 的 Noonan 综合征患者会出现该基因的突变。[3]Roberts AE, Araki T, Swanson KD, et al. Germline gain-of-function mutations in SOS1 cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2007 Jan;39(1):70-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17143285?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Tartaglia M, Pennacchio LA, Zhao C, et al. Gain-of-function SOS1 mutations cause a distinctive form of Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2007 Jan;39(1):75-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17143282?tool=bestpractice.com 该基因突变更多地与外胚层特征、正常生长和认知特征有关。
RAF1:约 5% 的 Noonan 综合征患者具有该基因突变。[5]Pandit B, Sarkozy A, Pennacchio LA, et al. Gain-of-function RAF1 mutations cause Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nat Genet. 2007 Aug;39(8):1007-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17603483?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Razzaque MA, Nishizawa T, Komoike Y, et al. Germline gain-of-function mutations in RAF1 cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2007 Aug;39(8):1013-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17603482?tool=bestpractice.com 它们与肥厚型心肌病密切相关。
KRAS:这些基因突变较为罕见,约见于 1% 的病例中。[7]Schubbert S, Zenker M, Rowe SL, et al. Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2006 Mar;38(3):331-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474405?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Carta C, Pantaleoni F, Bocchinfuso G, et al. Germline missense mutations affecting KRAS isoform B are associated with a severe Noonan syndrome phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Jul;79(1):129-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474118/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16773572?tool=bestpractice.com 它们与更高的认知障碍风险和严重程度相关。[7]Schubbert S, Zenker M, Rowe SL, et al. Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2006 Mar;38(3):331-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474405?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Carta C, Pantaleoni F, Bocchinfuso G, et al. Germline missense mutations affecting KRAS isoform B are associated with a severe Noonan syndrome phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Jul;79(1):129-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474118/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16773572?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Zenker M, Lehmann K, Schulz AL, et al. Expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in patients with KRAS germline mutations. J Med Genet. 2007 Feb;44(2):131-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2598066/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17056636?tool=bestpractice.com
NRAS:对此基因进行的序列分析显示仅一小组个体存在该突变。[8]Cirstea IC, Kutsche K, Dvorsky R, et al. A restricted spectrum of NRAS mutations causes Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2010 Jan;42(1):27-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118669/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19966803?tool=bestpractice.com
BRAF 和 MAP2K1:这些基因的突变通常见于患有心-面-皮肤综合征的个体。然而,约 2% 的被诊断为 Noonan 综合征患者被报道具有这 2 种基因突变中的 1 种。[9]Nyström AM, Ekvall S, Berglund E, et al. Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes: two clinically and genetically overlapping disorders. J Med Genet. 2008 Aug;45(8):500-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18456719?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Sarkozy A, Carta C, Moretti S, et al. Germline BRAF mutations in Noonan, LEOPARD, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes: molecular diversity and associated phenotypic spectrum. Hum Mutat. 2009 Apr;30(4):695-702.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028130/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19206169?tool=bestpractice.com
SHOC2:有努南表型伴生长期毛发松动综合征的患者被发现具有 SHOC2 突变。[18]Cordeddu V, Di Schiavi E, Pennacchio LA, et al. Mutation of SHOC2 promotes aberrant protein N-myristoylation and causes Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. Nat Genet. 2009 Sep;41(9):1022-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765465/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19684605?tool=bestpractice.com
CBL:少数有努南表型伴多种表达的患者被认定存在 CBL 杂合突变。[19]Martinelli S, De Luca A, Stellacci E, et al. Heterozygous germline mutations in the CBL tumor-suppressor gene cause a Noonan syndrome-like phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Aug 13;87(2):250-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917705/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619386?tool=bestpractice.com
RIT1:在 9% 的 Noonan 综合征个体中报告了 RIT1 功能获得性突变,但未在这些个体中检测到上述基因的突变。[20]Aoki Y, Niihori T, Banjo T, et al. Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Jul 11;93(1):173-80.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710767/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791108?tool=bestpractice.com
RASA2:一项研究显示,在少量 Noonan 综合征个体中观察到了功能缺失突变。[21]Chen PC, Yin J, Yu HW, et al. Next-generation sequencing identifies rare variants associated with Noonan syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Aug 5;111(31):11473-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4128129/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25049390?tool=bestpractice.com
SOS2 和 LZTR1:一项队列研究的结果显示,在全部 Noonan 综合征患者中,大约有 3% 存在这两个基因的突变。[22]Yamamoto GL, Aguena M, Gos M, et al. Rare variants in SOS2 and LZTR1 are associated with Noonan syndrome. J Med Genet. 2015 Jun;52(6):413-21.http://jmg.bmj.com/content/52/6/413.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25795793?tool=bestpractice.com
PPP1CB:在一项研究中观察到有 4 例患者具有错义突变,而这些患者与具有 SHOC2 突变的个体存在临床重叠。[23]Gripp KW, Aldinger KA, Bennett JT, et al. A novel rasopathy caused by recurrent de novo missense mutations in PPP1CB closely resembles Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair. Am J Med Genet A. 2016 Sep;170(9):2237-47.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5134331/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27264673?tool=bestpractice.com