针对 Noonan 综合征,并无特异性治疗。治疗将重点关注个体的症状,对睾丸未降的男孩进行手术治疗,优化心脏功能,并针对身材矮小进行生长激素 (GH) 治疗。[56]Romano AA, Allanson JE, Dahlgren J, et al. Noonan syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management guidelines. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):746-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20876176?tool=bestpractice.com
重要的是注意与 Noonan 综合征相关的特定疾病情况。部分患者可能没有相应的面容特征,但可能出现相关的疾病情况。这些状况包括:包括胸廓畸形在内的骨骼异常;不同程度的发育滞后;视觉及听觉缺陷;凝血障碍;自身免疫性疾病;以及淋巴发育不良等。应进行适当的检查并向专科医生咨询。
隐睾症
睾丸未降是大部分男孩 (60%-69%) 的表现特征,可能与青春期延迟相关。[1]Jorge AA, Malaquias AC, Arnhold IJ, et al. Noonan syndrome and related disorders: a review of clinical features and mutations in genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Horm Res. 2009;71(4):185-93.https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/201106http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258709?tool=bestpractice.com 手术方案由外科医生决定,通常是通过腹股沟或阴囊切口入路。关于手术治疗的最佳时机仍存在争议,但近期数据表明,早期(理想情况下是在 2 岁以前,有些建议在 1 岁以前)进行手术时,可更好地保存精子发生和激素生成,以及降低睾丸癌的风险。[61]Ritzén EM, Bergh A, Bjerknes R, et al. Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Paediatr. 2007 May;96(5):638-43.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00159.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17326760?tool=bestpractice.com
先天性心脏异常
这些缺陷见于超过 70% 的病例中,是努南综合征患者最常见的死亡原因。包括肺动脉瓣狭窄和/或发育不良、肥厚型心肌病、间隔缺损及法洛四联症。[30]Shaw AC, Kalidas K, Crosby AH, et al. The natural history of Noonan syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Feb;92(2):128-32.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083343/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990350?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Burch M, Sharland M, Shinebourne E, et al. Cardiologic abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: phenotypic diagnosis and echocardiographic assessment of 118 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4):1189-92.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0735109793904365?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409059?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Ishizawa A, Oho S, Dodo H, et al. Cardiovascular abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: the clinical findings and treatments. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Feb;38(1):84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8992869?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Noonan JA, O'Connor W. Noonan syndrome: a clinical description emphasizing the cardiac findings. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Feb;38(1):76-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8992867?tool=bestpractice.com 诊断时需进行全面的心血管评估。应以发现的特定异常来指导随后的治疗。球囊瓣膜成形术可能对肺动脉瓣发育不良有效,但可能需要瓣膜置换术。[53]Ishizawa A, Oho S, Dodo H, et al. Cardiovascular abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: the clinical findings and treatments. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Feb;38(1):84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8992869?tool=bestpractice.com 肥厚型心肌病可通过 β-受体阻滞剂或钙通道阻滞剂进行治疗,但偶尔需要进行外科肌瘤切除术。[53]Ishizawa A, Oho S, Dodo H, et al. Cardiovascular abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: the clinical findings and treatments. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Feb;38(1):84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8992869?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Noonan JA, O'Connor W. Noonan syndrome: a clinical description emphasizing the cardiac findings. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Feb;38(1):76-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8992867?tool=bestpractice.com
心脏治疗护理应持续至成年,因为与该缺陷相关的并发症发病率和死亡率可持续存在。[30]Shaw AC, Kalidas K, Crosby AH, et al. The natural history of Noonan syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Feb;92(2):128-32.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083343/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990350?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Ishizawa A, Oho S, Dodo H, et al. Cardiovascular abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: the clinical findings and treatments. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Feb;38(1):84-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8992869?tool=bestpractice.com 在部分医疗中心,有心脏异常的儿童在 18 岁时应转诊至成人先天性心脏病诊所 (Adult Congenital Heart Disease clinic),而在另一些中心,患者将继续于儿科心脏病专科医生处就诊。
生长缓慢
生长缓慢、身材矮小及青春期暴发式发育减少是常见特征,可能是 Noonan 综合征的主要症状。已被证实发育不良的儿童应转诊至内分泌专科医生。采用重组人生长激素 (GH)(也被称作促生长激素)是增加身高的一种治疗方式。有些研究已报告,生长激素治疗用于有 PTPN11 突变的患者时疗效减弱。然而,在仔细推敲这些检查结果时可注意到,有 PTPN11 突变的患者身高增加相似,但由于开始时的身材矮小更为严重,因此其成年身高更矮。[15]Limal JM, Parfait B, Cabrol S, et al. Noonan syndrome: relationships between genotype, growth, and growth factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):300-6.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2005-0983http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263833?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Binder G, Neuer K, Ranke MB, et al. PTPN11 mutations are associated with mild growth hormone resistance in individuals with Noonan syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5377-81.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2005-0995http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985475?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Ferreira LV, Souza SA, Arnhold IJ, et al. PTPN11 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11) mutations and response to growth hormone therapy in children with Noonan syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5156-60.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/90/9/5156/2838677http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956085?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Noordam C, Peer PG, Francois I, et al. Long-term GH treatment improves adult height in children with Noonan syndrome with and without mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor-type 11. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Sep;159(3):203-8.http://www.eje-online.org/content/159/3/203.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18562489?tool=bestpractice.com 其他研究报道显示,有患者在接受生长激素治疗后身高增加可达 13 cm(5 英寸)。[64]Raaijmakers R, Noordam C, Karagiannis G, et al. Response to growth hormone treatment and final height in Noonan syndrome in a large cohort of patients in the KIGS database. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;21(3):267-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540254?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Osio D, Dahlgren J, Wikland KA, et al. Improved final height with long-term growth hormone treatment in Noonan syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Sep;94(9):1232-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203673?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,美国国家合作生长发育研究 (US National Cooperative Growth Study) 近期已证明,患者(平均开始年龄为 11.6 岁)接受平均 5 年的治疗后,接近成年时身高增加多达 15 cm(6 英寸)。[66]Romano AA, Dana K, Bakker B, et al. Growth response, near-adult height, and patterns of growth and puberty in patients with Noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2338-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401366?tool=bestpractice.com 青春期前治疗的持续时间是身高变化的重要影响因素,治疗开始得越早,长高的潜能就越大。[66]Romano AA, Dana K, Bakker B, et al. Growth response, near-adult height, and patterns of growth and puberty in patients with Noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2338-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401366?tool=bestpractice.com
正在考虑对于幼儿(5 岁及以下)采用生长激素治疗。[66]Romano AA, Dana K, Bakker B, et al. Growth response, near-adult height, and patterns of growth and puberty in patients with Noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2338-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401366?tool=bestpractice.com 在一些国家,若发现生长迟滞后,则会对 5 岁以上的儿童进行生长激素治疗。[1]Jorge AA, Malaquias AC, Arnhold IJ, et al. Noonan syndrome and related disorders: a review of clinical features and mutations in genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Horm Res. 2009;71(4):185-93.https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/201106http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258709?tool=bestpractice.com 通过生长反应和胰岛素样生长因子-1 (IGF-1) 水平监控治疗效果。