术后即时的儿茶酚胺水平仍然可能较高。需要评估患者的血浆甲氧基肾上腺素和去甲氧基肾上腺素,以确定术后 2-6 周其水平是否恢复正常。[40]Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.http://www.eje-online.org/content/174/5/G1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048283?tool=bestpractice.com 如果这些血浆检查结果呈阳性,需要在 3 个月时进行影像学检查,以评估肿瘤是否持续存在。[40]Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.http://www.eje-online.org/content/174/5/G1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048283?tool=bestpractice.com 目前,建议每年随访一次患者,至少随访 10 年,以检查局部或转移性复发或者新发肿瘤。[1]Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Manelli M, et al. Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet. 2005 Aug 20-26;366(9486):665-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112304?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.http://www.eje-online.org/content/174/5/G1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048283?tool=bestpractice.com 有嗜铬细胞瘤病史患者的总体死亡风险增加,因此一些专家提倡对散发病例进行长期随访并筛查肿瘤复发,对遗传性病例,进行长期随访并筛查相关肿瘤。[40]Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.http://www.eje-online.org/content/174/5/G1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048283?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Khorram-Manesh A, Ahlman H, Nilsson O, et al. Long-term outcome of a large series of patients surgically treated for pheochromocytoma. J Intern Med. 2005 Jul;258(1):55-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15953133?tool=bestpractice.com
最新的数据表明,对 100 例完全切除嗜铬细胞瘤后的患者进行 5 年的随访后,发现疾病复发的风险可能低至 5%,因此,一些散发病例可能无需进行终生随访。应根据患者的复发风险对一年一次的监测进行调整。[95]Amar L, Lussey-Lepoutre C, Lenders JW, et al. Management of endocrine disease: Recurrence or new tumors after complete resection of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Oct;175(4):R135-45.http://www.eje-online.org/content/175/4/R135.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080352?tool=bestpractice.com
随访至少包括每年一次血压、血浆变肾上腺素和去甲变肾上腺素检测。嗜酸颗粒 A 蛋白是存在神经内分泌肿瘤的一种非特异性标志物,可作为识别复发的筛查工具。[39]Grossrubatscher E, Dalino P, Vignati F, et al. The role of chromogranin A in the management of patients with pheochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;65(3):287-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918946?tool=bestpractice.com 对于存在无生化活性嗜铬细胞瘤的患者,应每 1-2 年进行一次影像学检查,以筛查复发或新发肿瘤。[40]Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.http://www.eje-online.org/content/174/5/G1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048283?tool=bestpractice.com 将来可根据肿瘤的特异性分子特征(可作为复发疾病的标志物)对随访进行调整。然而,目前已知可能用于预测复发的特征包括:双侧疾病、较年轻时发病、肿瘤更大以及遗传性嗜铬细胞瘤。
成年人中高达 35% 的嗜铬细胞瘤具有遗传性;因此应对所有嗜铬细胞瘤患者进行基因检测,以识别潜在的遗传性嗜铬细胞瘤,对于这种嗜铬细胞瘤,需要进行更详尽的评估和随访。[2]Mazzaglia PJ. Hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Surg Oncol. 2012 Oct 1;106(5):580-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22648936?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Canu L, Rapizzi E, Zampetti B, et al. Pitfalls in genetic analysis of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas - case report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jul;99(7):2321-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24758185?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Martucci VL, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment. Curr Probl Cancer. 2014 Jan-Feb;38(1):7-41.https://www.cpcancer.com/article/S0147-0272(14)00002-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636754?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Bornstein SR, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP. Genetic testing in pheochromocytoma: increasing importance for clinical decision making. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Aug;1073:94-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17102076?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Rana HQ, Rainville IR, Vaidya A. Genetic testing in the clinical care of patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014 Jun;21(3):166-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739310?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Hampel H, Bennett RL, Buchanan A, et al. A practice guideline from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors: referral indications for cancer predisposition assessment. Genet Med. 2015 Jan;17(1):70-87.https://www.nature.com/articles/gim2014147http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25394175?tool=bestpractice.com 应根据肿瘤特点、产生的激素、共病情况及家族史等决定具体的检查。