肺炎的预防以致病的病原体为重心,通过接种特异性疫苗或管理疾病发生的相关风险来实现。主要的预防方式为接种流感疫苗和肺炎球菌疫苗以及戒烟。[4]Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44(suppl 2):S27-S72.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/Supplement_2/S27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278083?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-iii55.https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/pneumonia/adult-pneumonia/bts-guidelines-for-the-management-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-in-adults-2009-update/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.388/full显示答案
美国免疫实践咨询委员会 (US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ACIP) 疫苗接种建议:[61]Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Recommended adult immunization schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2019. February 2019 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
免疫功能正常并且年龄在 65 岁或以上的成人若既往未曾接种 13 价肺炎球菌结合疫苗 (PCV13),应予以单剂接种,并在 PCV13 至少接种 1 年后,以及最后一剂23 价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(PPSV23) 接种至少5年后,再次予以PPSV23单剂接种。既往接受过PPSV23(但并非PCV13)接种的患者,在其接种PPSV23至少一年后应接受PCV13单剂接种。19到64岁患有特定共病的成人,和19岁及以上患有免疫功能受损性疾病的成人、脑脊液漏或耳蜗植入者也应当根据当前状况接受免疫接种。
若无禁忌症,所有患者均应每年接种适龄配方的流感疫苗。
有关当前的免疫接种计划和特殊患者人群的更多详细信息,请查阅最新的 ACIP 免疫接种计划。
疫苗接种计划因地而异;请咨询当地指导建议。