干燥综合征
目前治疗主要着重于缓解干眼症。[31]Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos NM, Moutsopoulos HM. The management of Sjogren's syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006;2:252-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16932698?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Kalk WW, Mansour K, Vissink A, et al. Oral and ocular manifestations in Sjogren's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:924-930.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12022351?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗方案包括:
避免使用抗胆碱能药物、抗组胺药和利尿剂很重要,因为这些药可加剧眼睛干燥。建议使用护眼罩以辅助维持眼睛的湿润环境,而且患者阅读时应定时休息。[65]Samarkos M, Moutsopoulos HM. Recent advances in the management of ocular complications of Sjogren's syndrome. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005;5:327-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967078?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Jacobi C, Cursiefen C. Ophthalmological complications in Sjogren's syndrome [in German]. Z Rheumatol. 2010;69:32-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012977?tool=bestpractice.com 当人工泪液或滴眼剂不足以缓解眼干时,泪管栓塞或泪小点热闭塞可作为补充治疗。在一项研究中,19 例原发性 Sjogren 综合征患者接受泪小点热闭塞治疗,治疗后 24 个月时Schirmer 试验、孟加拉红/荧光素染色、泪膜破裂时间等结果显著改善。[67]Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Sisó-Almirall A, et al. Punctal occlusion in Sjogren's syndrome needs clarification. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:752.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23090507?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管西维美林和毛果芸香碱治疗 Sjogren 综合征患者的口干有效,但是口干的治疗主要是姑息性治疗。
尚无证据显示,其他治疗如皮质类固醇、[68]Zandbelt MM, van den Hoogen FH, de Wilde PC, et al. Reversibility of histological and immunohistological abnormalities in sublabial salivary gland biopsy specimens following treatment with corticosteroids in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:511-513.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11302875?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Conventional therapy of Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;32:284-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17992595?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Immunosuppression and immunomodulation in Sjogren’s syndrome - what is the evidence? Does it relieve the sicca symptoms? Aktuelle Rheumatologie. 2005;30:66-70.[71]Fox PC, Datiles M, Atkinson JC, et al. Prednisone and piroxicam for treatment of primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993;11:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8508556?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Akpek EK, Lindsley KB, Adyanthaya RS, et al. Treatment of Sjogren's syndrome-associated dry eye: an evidence-based review. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1242-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459453?tool=bestpractice.com环孢素、[73]Gündüz K, Ozdemir O. Topical cyclosporin treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in secondary Sjogren’s syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1994;72:438-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7825408?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Fan WS, Hung HL, Liao HP, et al. Topical cyclosporine therapy for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjogren’s syndrome. Tzu Chi Med J. 2003;15:85-89.[75]Drosos AA, Skopouli FN, Galanopoulu VK, et al. Cyclosporin A therapy in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome: results at one year. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1986;61:246-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3296152?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Drosos AA, Skopouli FN, Costopoulos JS, et al. Cyclosporin A (CyA) in primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a double blind study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45:732-735.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1001978/pdf/annrheumd00276-0028.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3532967?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Akpek EK, Lindsley KB, Adyanthaya RS, et al. Treatment of Sjogren's syndrome-associated dry eye: an evidence-based review. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1242-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459453?tool=bestpractice.com甲氨蝶呤[77]Skopouli FN, Jagiello P, Tsifetaki N, et al. Methotrexate in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996;14:555-558.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8913659?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Boumba D, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM. Cytokine mRNA expression in the labial salivary gland tissues from patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Br J Rheumatol. 1995;34:326-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7788146?tool=bestpractice.com和利妥昔单抗[79]Thanou-Stavraki A, James JA. Primary Sjogren's syndrome: current and prospective therapies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008;37:273-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17714766?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Touma Z, Sayad J, Arayssi T. Successful treatment of Sjogren's syndrome with rituximab. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006;35:323-325.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882600?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Devauchelle-Pensec V, Mariette X, Jousse-Joulin S, et al. Treatment of primary Sjogren syndrome with rituximab: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:233-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727841?tool=bestpractice.com 对改善干燥症状有效。最近一项研究发现,与安慰剂相比,羟氯喹治疗 24 周并未显著改善 Sjogren 综合征症状。[82]Gottenberg JE, Ravaud P, Puéchal X, et al. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on symptomatic improvement in primary Sjogren syndrome: the JOQUER randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:249-258.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1887760http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25027140?tool=bestpractice.com
神经病变
少数患者出现周围感觉神经病变。偶有神经病变严重以致步态受损。有一些病例报道和小型病例系列研究指出,静脉注射免疫球蛋白有效。[86]Wakasugi D, Kato T, Gono T, et al. Extreme efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe burning pain in a patient with small fiber neuropathy associated with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19:437-440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458906?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Rist S, Sellam J, Hachulla E, et al. Experience of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in neuropathy associated with primary Sjogren's syndrome: a national multicentric retrospective study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:1339-1344.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584943?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Morozumi S, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for painful sensory neuropathy associated with Sjogren's syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2009;279:57-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19168191?tool=bestpractice.com