通过发病模式识别进行诊断。[76]Asbury AK. New concepts of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2000;15:183-191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10757475?tool=bestpractice.com疾病典型的临床表现是进展性对称性肌无力,下肢先于上肢受累,近端先于远端受累,伴有双脚双手感觉异常。[77]Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27 Suppl:S21-S24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194422?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Van der Meche FG, Van Doorn PA, Meulstee J, et al. Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur Neurol. 2001;45:133-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11306855?tool=bestpractice.com瘫痪类型为典型的迟缓性瘫,伴有反射消失,并在数天内急剧进展,73% 病例在 1 周内进展至最重,而 98% 在 4 周内进展至最重。[58]Guillain-Barré Syndrome Study Group. Guillain-Barré syndrome: an Italian multicentre case-control study. Neurol Sci. 2000;21:229-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11214662?tool=bestpractice.com进展期之后进入持久的平稳期,此期症状持续,时间长短不定,然后进入恢复期。70% 患者有轻度家族性自主神经异常,并引发窦性心动过速、BP 不稳定、体位性低血压、尿潴留、肠梗阻及非常少见的致命性心律不齐。
初始检查包括 LP、呼吸肺活量测定法、神经生理学评估及肝转氨酶测定。
病史
三分之二患者在神经病学症状发作前 6 周内具有流感样或呼吸道疾病或胃肠炎病史。[11]Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, et al. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:613-618.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/51/5/613.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3404161?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Guillain-Barré Syndrome Study Group. Guillain-Barré syndrome: an Italian multicentre case-control study. Neurol Sci. 2000;21:229-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11214662?tool=bestpractice.com最常出现的症状包括神经病学症状开始时已治愈的呼吸道或胃肠道感染,大约在初始疾病发病后的 1 至 3 周(几项大型研究中,平均发病时间为 11 天)。[11]Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, et al. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:613-618.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/51/5/613.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3404161?tool=bestpractice.com
其他未经证实的发病原因包括外伤、手术操作、疫苗接种、恶性肿瘤及 HIV 感染病史。GBS 在年龄较大组和男性中更为常见。
自 2013 年以来,继寨卡病毒爆发后已有几例 GBS 的报道。[31]Malkki H. CNS infections: Zika virus infection could trigger Guillain-Barré syndrome. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:187.http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v12/n4/full/nrneurol.2016.30.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26988905?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Anaya JM, Ramirez-Santana C, Salgado-Castaneda I, et al. Zika virus and neurologic autoimmunity: the putative role of gangliosides. BMC Med. 2016;14:49.http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0601-yhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27001187?tool=bestpractice.com类似地,其他几种蚊媒病毒感染(如登革热、基孔肯雅热和日本脑炎)也与 GBS 相关。[33]Ralapanawa DM, Kularatne SA, Jayalath WA. Guillain-Barre syndrome following dengue fever and literature review. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:729.http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-1672-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613722?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Oehler E, Fournier E, Leparc-Goffart I, et al. Increase in cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome during a Chikungunya outbreak, French Polynesia, 2014 to 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:30079.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690898?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Mishra V, Harbada R, Sharma A. Fatal Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in dengue. J Assoc Physicians India. 2015;63:94-96.http://www.japi.org/june_2015/25_correspondence_fatal_guillain.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26710416?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bandyopadhyay D, Ganesan V, Choudhury C, et al. Two uncommon causes of Guillain-Barré syndrome: hepatitis E and Japanese encephalitis. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2015;2015:759495.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crinm/2015/759495/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26798531?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Simon O, Billot S, Guyon D, et al. Early Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with acute dengue fever. J Clin Virol. 2016;77:29-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26895226?tool=bestpractice.com
症状与体征
无力发作之前,常由手脚感觉异常。[10]Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1130-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1552914?tool=bestpractice.com这些症状通常较轻,可扩展至近端肢体。约 89% 患者感到疼痛,通常始于背部和腿部。其可发生于疾病发作时以及疾病进程期间。[79]Moulin DE, Hagen N, Feasby TE, et al. Pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 1997;48:328-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9040715?tool=bestpractice.com背痛和麻痹易被误诊为脊髓压迫,导致不必要的外科干预。与成人相比,在儿童中疼痛是更突出的症状。[80]Wu X, Shen D, Li T, et al. Distinct clinical characteristics of pediatric Guillain-Barré syndrome: a comparative study between children and adults in northeast China. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0151611.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151611http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974666?tool=bestpractice.com发作时,GBS 和脊髓压迫症这两种疾病中均可见反射减弱或反射消失,但早期的肠或膀胱功能障碍或有明显的感觉平面则应警惕患者可能患有急性脊髓病。GBS 中亦可有面部、口咽及眼外肌无力。[10]Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1130-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1552914?tool=bestpractice.com这些颅神经缺陷常发生于躯干与肢体受累之后,只有 15% 患者于躯干与肢体受累之前发生。[10]Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1130-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1552914?tool=bestpractice.com
轻度家族性自主神经异常较常见,可引发窦性心动过速、HTN 及体位性低血压。四分之一患者会发生其他自主神经症状,如尿潴留与肠梗阻。[81]Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Kuwabara S, et al. Micturitional disturbance in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:649-653.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/63/5/649.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9408108?tool=bestpractice.com威胁生命的心律失常则相对罕见。[10]Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1130-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1552914?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Zochodne DW. Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:1145-1155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7935521?tool=bestpractice.com>30%的患者会进展至呼吸肌无力,需要机械通气。[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com在儿童中,自主神经功能障碍可能是机械通风的一个独立危险因素。[80]Wu X, Shen D, Li T, et al. Distinct clinical characteristics of pediatric Guillain-Barré syndrome: a comparative study between children and adults in northeast China. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0151611.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151611http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974666?tool=bestpractice.com常见主诉可能包括活动时气急和气短。
急性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病 (AIDP)
典型的症状包括急性多发性神经根神经病,引发 2 个或更多肢体进展性肌无力,伴腱反射减弱或消失。[77]Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27 Suppl:S21-S24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194422?tool=bestpractice.com发作时间不超过 4 周,且无其他病因。[77]Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27 Suppl:S21-S24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194422?tool=bestpractice.com症状主要在近端肌肉,但也可能影响远端肌肉。可有运动、感觉或混合功能障碍,伴或不伴自主神经特征。这些病症发作之前通常有流感样疾病、呼吸道或 GI 感染。[15]Hahn AF. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 1998;352:635-641.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9746040?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hughes RA, Hadden RD, Gregson NA, et al. Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. 1999;100:74-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695718?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Albers JW, Kelly JJ Jr. Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: Clinical and electrodiagnostic features. Muscle Nerve. 1989;12:435-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2657418?tool=bestpractice.com
急性运动轴索性神经病 (AMAN)
AMAN 表现为急性无力或麻痹,无感觉缺失,但反射减弱或消失。大部分病例以空肠弯曲菌感染为前驱。[18]Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. 1995;118:597-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600081?tool=bestpractice.com[85]McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:333-342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8489203?tool=bestpractice.comAMAN 可通过选择性运动神经受累、感觉纤维不受累及可显示轴突特征的电生理学与 AIDP 区分。AMAN 比 AIDP 进展更快,更早到达疾病最重点。[18]Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. 1995;118:597-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600081?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Hiraga A, Mori M, Ogawara K, et al. Differences in patterns of progression in demyelinating and axonal Guillain-Barré syndromes. Neurology. 2003;61:471-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12939419?tool=bestpractice.com
急性运动感觉轴索性神经病 (AMSAN)
其与伴有轴索缺失的感觉运动障碍有关。[27]Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW, et al. Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8572662?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Willison HJ, Veitch J, Paterson G, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome is associated with serum antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:204-206.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/56/2/204.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8437011?tool=bestpractice.com常伴有无法完全恢复的爆发性麻痹和感觉缺失。[53]Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF, et al. An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain. 1986;109:1115-1126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3790970?tool=bestpractice.com
Bickerstaff 脑干脑炎 (BBE)
临床特征类似于米勒-费雪综合征,但还包括意识障碍(脑病)和/或长束征(反射增强)。[5]Bickerstaff ER. Brain-stem encephalitis; further observations on a grave syndrome with benign prognosis. Br Med J. 1957;1:1384-1387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1973653/pdf/brmedj03159-0024.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13436795?tool=bestpractice.comBBE 可能是一种不同的临床疾病,继发于其嗜睡、昏迷、发射增强及足底伸肌反应等临床特征。[88]Overell JR, Hsieh ST, Odaka M, et al. Treatment for Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis and related disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD004761.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004761.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253522?tool=bestpractice.com也可能是米勒-费雪综合征的变异。[89]Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, et al. Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain. 2003;126:2279-2290.http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/10/2279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12847079?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Yuki N, Sato S, Tsuji S, et al. An immunologic abnormality common to Bickerstaff's brain stem encephalitis and Fisher's syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 1993;118:83-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8229054?tool=bestpractice.com如果米勒-费雪三联综合征出现嗜睡和足底伸肌反应,BBE 可能是其根本的疾病过程。[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Al-Din AN, Anderson M, Bickerstaff ER, et al. Brainstem encephalitis and the syndrome of Miller Fisher: a clinical study. Brain. 1982;105:481-495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7104664?tool=bestpractice.com
咽-颈-臂综合征
这种疾病表现为急性手臂无力、吞咽障碍及面神经无力。[6]Ropper AH. Unusual clinical variants and signs in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:1150-1152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2946281?tool=bestpractice.com
米勒-费雪综合征 (MFS)
该综合征以眼球运动障碍(眼肌麻痹)、协调失常(共济失调)及腱反射消失为特征。[20]Fisher M. An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia). N Engl J Med. 1956;255:57-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13334797?tool=bestpractice.com偶尔可能不存在眼肌麻痹。[92]Mori M, Kuwabara S, Koga M, et al. IgG anti-GQ1b positive acute ataxia without ophthalmoplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:668-670.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/67/5/668.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10519878?tool=bestpractice.com其不引起肢体或呼吸肌无力。[39]Hughes RA, Hadden RD, Gregson NA, et al. Pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. 1999;100:74-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695718?tool=bestpractice.com可能有瞳孔异常、上睑下垂及延髓性面瘫。[93]Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:1104-1106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320188?tool=bestpractice.com其通常是一种自限性的良性疾病。[93]Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:1104-1106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320188?tool=bestpractice.com偶尔,患者出现的肢体无力可有 MFS-GBS 重叠综合征,其预后类似于 GBS。在 MFS 发病的第一周内,50% 的 MFS 患者可能会发生重叠综合征,如 GBS 或 BBE 的咽-颈-臂变异。[94]Sekiguchi Y, Mori M, Misawa S, et al. How often and when Fisher syndrome is overlapped by Guillain-Barré syndrome or Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis? Eur J Neurol. 2016;23:1058-1063.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969889?tool=bestpractice.com神经病学症状发作与共济失调/眼肌麻痹消失之间的中位周期介于 32-88 天之间。[93]Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:1104-1106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320188?tool=bestpractice.com
急性全植物神经失调症
出现的症状和体征包括腹泻、呕吐、眩晕、腹痛、肠梗阻、直立性低血压及尿潴留。GBS 可能与双侧强直性瞳孔有关,可能累及副交感神经和交感神经节后神经元。[8]Anzai T, Uematsu D, Takahashi K, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome with bilateral tonic pupils. Intern Med. 1994;33:248-251.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine1992/33/4/33_4_248/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8069022?tool=bestpractice.com米勒-费雪综合征患者也可能患有双侧强直性瞳孔。[95]Thompson HS. Adie's syndrome: some new observations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1977;75:587-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311565/pdf/taos00024-0605.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/613531?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Caccavale A, Mignemi L. Acute onset of a bilateral areflexical mydriasis in Miller-Fisher syndrome: a rare neuro-ophthalmologic disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2000;20:61-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770512?tool=bestpractice.com近一半米勒-费雪综合征患者有瞳孔反应迟钝及散瞳症。[93]Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:1104-1106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320188?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Caccavale A, Mignemi L. Acute onset of a bilateral areflexical mydriasis in Miller-Fisher syndrome: a rare neuro-ophthalmologic disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 2000;20:61-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770512?tool=bestpractice.com可能出现其他家族性自主神经异常症状,包括心率波动、流汗减少、流涎症及流泪。[7]Mericle RA, Triggs WJ. Treatment of acute pandysautonomia with intravenous immunoglobulin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:529-531.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/62/5/529.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9153616?tool=bestpractice.com
单纯感觉性
出现急性感觉缺失、感觉性共济失调及反射消失,但无运动障碍。[9]Ropper AH. Further regional variants of acute immune polyneuropathy. Bifacial weakness or sixth nerve paresis with paresthesias, lumbar polyradiculopathy, and ataxia with pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:671-675.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8018039?tool=bestpractice.com大多影响大感觉纤维,可能与 GD1b 抗体有关。[9]Ropper AH. Further regional variants of acute immune polyneuropathy. Bifacial weakness or sixth nerve paresis with paresthesias, lumbar polyradiculopathy, and ataxia with pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:671-675.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8018039?tool=bestpractice.com
检查
临床检查之后,如果诊断依然不清楚,可进行抗神经节苷脂抗体、脑脊液分析及电生理诊断检查以鉴别亚型。[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Willison HJ, Yuki N. Peripheral neuropathies and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. 2002;125:2591-2625.http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/12/2591.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12429589?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Van Sorge NM, van der Pol WL, Jansen MD, et al. Pathogenicity of anti-ganglioside antibodies in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2004;3:61-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15003189?tool=bestpractice.com事实上,GQ1B 是诊断米勒-费雪综合征的唯一常规检测抗体。
神经生理学评估
神经传导功能检查常规进行并在诊断、亚型鉴别及周围神经病确诊中发挥了重要作用。目前并无一致的神经生理学鉴别标准,亦无何时应行该检查的统一标准,这些都应尽快确立。[77]Asbury AK, Cornblath DR. Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990;27 Suppl:S21-S24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194422?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Van der Meche FG, Van Doorn PA, Meulstee J, et al. Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur Neurol. 2001;45:133-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11306855?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, et al. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:780-788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818934?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Van den Bergh PY, Pieret F. Electrodiagnostic criteria for acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29:565-574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15052622?tool=bestpractice.com使用多位点刺激 F 波和双胫骨 H 反射评估至少 3 根感觉神经和 3 根运动神经。[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com
早期可有13%的患者检查结果正常,但是隔1 至 2 周后再进行连续检查,则少有患者结果正常。[99]Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, et al. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:780-788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818934?tool=bestpractice.com早期异常通常包括远端 F 波潜伏期延长和传导速度降低。H 反射也出现时间延长或消失。[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com85% 患者早期检测中可有脱髓鞘证据。[99]Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, et al. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:780-788.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818934?tool=bestpractice.com
已知运动和感觉神经末端超最大刺激的诱发响应大大降低或缺失。该过程快速发展为电兴奋性完全消失伴轴突变性。[101]Brown WF, Feasby TE, Hahn AF. Electrophysiological changes in the acute "axonal" form of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1993;16:200-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8429846?tool=bestpractice.com该测试结果阳性可至少帮助定位此疾病进展至周围神经系统。如果即使存在重度缺陷,结果仍正常,疾病可能进展至肌肉、神经肌肉连接点、脊髓中或更高位神经组织。GBS 中已有小中位感觉动作电位和留存腓肠肌反应的悖论。[102]Murray NM, Wade DT. The sural sensory action potential in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1980;3:444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7421879?tool=bestpractice.com
脑脊液 (CSF) 分析
为排除其他感染因素,CSF分析是一项重要的实验室辅助手段,因此应尽早进行。细胞计数正常的情况下,CSF蛋白增高(蛋白细胞分离)是典型检测结果,高达 90%的 患者在症状发作后 1 周出现了该现象。但是,发病第一周CSF蛋白可正常,如果诊断尚未确定,可以重复进行 LP。[62]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA and CDC issue alert on Menactra meningococcal vaccine and Guillain Barre syndrome. September 2005. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 19 May 2016).http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2005/ucm108494.htm[103]Paradiso G, Tripoli J, Galicchio S, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and electrodiagnostic findings in childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome: a reappraisal. Ann Neurol. 1999;46:701-707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10553986?tool=bestpractice.com一项回顾性研究表明,脑脊液蛋白水平升高与电生理学可证实的脱髓鞘量之间存在相关性。[104]DiCapua DB, Lakraj AA, Nowak RJ, et al. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and electrophysiologic abnormalities in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2015;17:47-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26583489?tool=bestpractice.com
如果脑脊液细胞增多,应进一步启动 HIV、莱姆病、结节病、脑膜炎或癌性脑膜炎评估。[83]Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-1666.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271648?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Al-Din AN, Anderson M, Bickerstaff ER, et al. Brainstem encephalitis and the syndrome of Miller Fisher: a clinical study. Brain. 1982;105:481-495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7104664?tool=bestpractice.com这些测试将包括 HIV 酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)、莱姆血清学和蛋白免疫印迹、CSF莱姆抗体、CSF ACE 及胸部 X 射线、CSF VDRL、CSF细胞学与流式细胞术、CSF革兰氏染色、CSF培养及CSF西尼罗河病毒聚合酶链反应。如果考虑免疫抑制,应考虑进一步病毒检测。
呼吸肺活量测定法
最初应每 6 小时进行 1 次床旁呼吸肺活量测定。这会帮助将患者分流至 ICU 或普通病房。用力肺活量< 20 mL/kg 是收入 ICU 的一项指标。应对患有延髓障碍和吸入风险较高的患者进行插管,以保护气道和应对可能即将发生的呼吸衰竭。进展至需机械通气的危险因素包括疾病快速进展、延髓障碍(OR 值 17.5)、双侧面神经无力及家族性自主神经异常。[105]Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, Henderson RD, et al. Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:893-898.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=779520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405803?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sundar U, Abraham E, Gharat A, et al. Neuromuscular respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome: evaluation of clinical and electrodiagnostic predictors. J Assoc Physicians India. 2005;53:764-768.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16334619?tool=bestpractice.com其他危险因素包括抬头能力丧失(OR 值 5.0)或无法咳嗽(OR 值 9.09)。[107]Sharshar T, Chevret S, Bourdain F, et al. Early predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:278-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12545029?tool=bestpractice.com不可依赖脉搏血氧测定法和动脉血气分析,因为无论是缺氧还是高碳酸血症,均是晚期症状,患者很快就会代偿失调。
血清学和粪便培养
包括 CMV、EBV、支原体、嗜血杆菌流行性感冒及空肠弯曲菌在内的感染源滴度的增加可能有助于确立流行病学病因学,但临床应用有限。一些数据提示,空肠弯曲菌血清学检测阳性与预后不良有关。[24]Hadden RD, Karch H, Hartung HP, et al. Preceding infections, immune factors, and outcome in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:758-765.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11274311?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Hiraga A, Kuwabara S. Early prediction of prognosis in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:572-573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17582351?tool=bestpractice.com如果有腹泻既往史或该地区流行运动轴索性神经病 (AMAN),可考虑行空肠弯曲菌检测。如果粪便排泄物中长期含有细菌,应使用抗生素进行治疗。如果临床特征显示了较不常见的变异,尤其是米勒-费雪变异或咽-颈-臂变异,那么抗 GQ1b 和抗 GT1a 抗神经节苷脂抗体试验可能具有一定的诊断价值。90% 米勒-费雪综合征患者中被检测到存在抗 GQ1b 免疫球蛋白 G 抗体。其他抗神经节苷脂抗体的临床效用则还未有有力证据。[109]O'Leary CP, Veitch J, Durward WF, et al. Acute oropharyngeal palsy is associated with antibodies to GQ1b and GT1a gangliosides. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:649-651.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/61/6/649.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8971119?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, et al. Ganglioside composition of the human cranial nerves, with special reference to pathophysiology of Miller Fisher syndrome. Brain Res. 1997;745:32-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9037391?tool=bestpractice.com
肝转氨酶
10% 至 20% GBS 患者在刚开始几天内肝转氨酶可能升高,通常在 1 至 2 周后正常化。肝酶升高还与疾病严重性增加有关,应定期进行检测和监控。[14]Ropper A, Wijdicks E, Truax B. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davies; 1991:1-369.[111]Durand MC, Porcher R, Orlikowski D, et al. Clinical and electrophysiological predictors of respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:1021-1028.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110282?tool=bestpractice.com如果转氨酶依然持续升高,应考虑进行病毒性肝炎评估。
影像学检查
诊断不明且电生理检查异常可疑时,脊柱 MRI 可能有用。也可进行脊柱 MRI 以排除累及脊髓的疾病进程(如硬膜外脓肿、横贯性脊髓炎、椎管狭窄、脊髓卒中或肿瘤)。30% BBE 患者出现脑磁共振成像异常。[89]Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, et al. Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain. 2003;126:2279-2290.http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/10/2279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12847079?tool=bestpractice.com