急性期结合支持疗法和病情控制疗法(血浆置换或大剂量免疫球蛋白 [IVIG])的多学科方法是必须的。根据医院是否有条件或根据患者是否具有免疫球蛋白使用禁忌,如IgA 缺乏来选择实施血浆置换或免疫球蛋白。研究已显示二者具有同样疗效。一则 Cochrane 综述表明,症状发作后 2 周内给予 IVIG 与血浆置换具有同样效力,且比血浆置换更容易完成。[40]Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD002063.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002063.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238327?tool=bestpractice.com不支持二者联合使用。
支持疗法:呼吸管理
呼吸衰竭是常见现象,高达 30% 的患者需要辅助呼吸或气道保护。进展至需机械通气的危险因素包括疾病快速进展、延髓功能障碍、双面神经无力及家族性自主神经异常。不得依赖脉搏血氧测定法和动脉血气分析,因为无论是缺氧还是高碳酸血症,均是一种迟缓征候,患者很快就会代谢失调。没有充分的证据建议以特定方法以监测呼吸功能,但应监测所有患者的呼吸状态。[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com最初应每 6 小时进行 1 次床旁呼吸肺活量测定。早期呼吸肺活量测定法还可帮助将患者分流至 ICU 或普通病房。延髓功能障碍、误吸风险较高(如胸部 X 片上显示浸润)及胸部 X 片上显示新发肺不张患者应在早期进行插管,以保护气道和应对可能即将发生的呼吸衰竭。未患有延髓功能紊乱或患有轻度延髓功能紊乱的患者无误吸风险,应使用以下详述的 20/30/40 规则。[105]Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, Henderson RD, et al. Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:893-898.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=779520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405803?tool=bestpractice.com应在 ICU 中监护患者并考虑选择性插管,如果:
肺活量<20 mL/kg
最大吸气压小于 -30 cmH2O (负力吸气)
最大呼气压<40 cmH2O
肺活量、最大吸气压或最大呼气压比基线初始检测值下降 30%。[105]Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, Henderson RD, et al. Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:893-898.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=779520http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11405803?tool=bestpractice.com
通气装置的平均持续时间为 15 至 43 天,应在连续肺功能检查和强度评估结果的指导下拔除通气装置。[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com应从第 2 周开始考虑气管切开术,特别是肺功能未有改善时。如果肺功能改善已超过基线,气管切开术可能在再次评估前推迟一周。[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com
支持疗法:心血管管理
应在入院时开始脉搏和血压监测。这里应谨慎使用遥测法,特别是具有家族性自主神经异常证据时。如果有家族性自主神经功能异常,应在入院时开始持续心脏监测及弗利氏导尿管置入。没有充分证据表明如何使用和设置监护仪,但应对所有重病患者进行脉搏和 BP 监测,直至他们不再需要呼吸机支持并开始恢复。[18]Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. 1995;118:597-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600081?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com应仔细监测体液平衡,特别是由于自主神经功能障碍导致水合代谢状态难以评估时。补液可以应对低血压发作。如果 BP 非常不稳定,应开始监测动脉内血压。应使用短效药物(如拉贝洛尔、艾司洛尔及硝普盐)治疗高血压发作,以防治突然的低血压。可能加强家族性自主神经异常的其他因素,包括吸气引液、改变体位(如躺变成坐)及药物(抗高血压的药物、琥珀酰胆碱)等。[127]Truax B. Autonomic disturbances in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Semin Neurol. 1984;4:462.
支持疗法:DVT 预防
没有研究评估该疾病中 DVT 预防措施的特别疗效。不能活动以及治疗造成的高凝血状态如静脉输注免疫球蛋白(IVIG)可增加患者出现DVT的风险。[128]Lawn ND, Wijdicks EF. Fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 1999;52:635-638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10025803?tool=bestpractice.com推荐卧床患者皮下使用肝素或依诺肝素及护腿长袜,直至其能独立行走。[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com
支持疗法:疼痛管理
通常推荐 ICU 急性期患者使用加巴喷丁或卡马西平;[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com但是,需要进行进一步检查以检查疼痛患者介入治疗的安全性和有效性。[129]Liu J, Wang LN, McNicol ED. Pharmacological treatment for pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD009950.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009950.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25855461?tool=bestpractice.com使用三环类抗抑郁药、曲马多、加巴喷丁、卡马西平或美西律辅助疗法可能有助于神经性疼痛的长期管理。[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com尽管阿片类药物可能有效,但是它们可能加重自主肠道运动障碍和膀胱膨胀。[82]Zochodne DW. Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:1145-1155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7935521?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Burns TM, Lawn ND, Low PA, et al. Adynamic ileus in severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:963-965.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11410925?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫疗法
免疫疗法包括 IVIG 或血浆置换。研究已显示,二者具有同样效力。[131]Hughes RA, Swan AV, Raphael JC, et al. Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review. Brain. 2007;130:2245-2257.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17337484?tool=bestpractice.com经常由医院选择。IVIG 是混合血制品,存在传播感染的风险,且会导致 IgA 缺乏患者过敏反应。但是,它使用非常方便,因为采用的是外周静脉输液。如果有 IVIG 禁忌症,如 IgA 缺乏或持续肾功能衰竭,那么血浆置换会是更好的选择。血浆置换要求中心静脉通道并关闭电解质异常和凝血功能障碍监测。如果在症状发作后 2 周内开始治疗,IVIG在促进行走需要帮助的患者恢复上与血浆置换具有同等疗效。建议神经病学症状发作超过 2 周的非卧床患者进行血浆置换,因为 IVIG 试验中不包括症状发作超过 2 周的非卧床患者。[132]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, et al. Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;61:736-740.http://www.neurology.org/content/61/6/736.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504313?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Donofrio PD, Berger A, Brannagan TH 3rd, et al. Consensus statement: the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular conditions report of the AANEM ad hoc committee. Muscle Nerve. 2009;40:890-900.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19768755?tool=bestpractice.com与血浆置换相比,IVIG 疗法的并发症比较少见,因此 IVIG 可能比血浆置换更受欢迎。[134]Elovaara I, Apostolski S, van Doorn P, et al; EFNS. EFNS guidelines for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases: EFNS task force on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15:893-908.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02246.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18796075?tool=bestpractice.com尚无证据比较过轴索式 GBS 患者使用血浆置换和 IVIG 的相对疗效。不推荐联合治疗(IVIG 后采用血浆置换)。[40]Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD002063.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002063.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238327?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, et al. Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;61:736-740.http://www.neurology.org/content/61/6/736.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504313?tool=bestpractice.com不同于其他免疫介导型疾病,口服皮质类固醇无效,并且可能由于对去神经肌肉产生不良影响或由于抑制巨噬细胞修复过程,口服皮质类固醇甚至可能有害。[135]Hughes RA, van Doorn PA. Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD001446.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001446.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895921?tool=bestpractice.com静脉使用皮质类固醇不产生任何显著的短期或长期效益。[135]Hughes RA, van Doorn PA. Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD001446.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001446.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895921?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of corticosteroids in people with Guillain-Barré syndrome?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1497/full显示答案
血浆去除术(血浆置换)
有证据显示,症状出现后 7 天内血浆置换最为有效,但一项研究却发现,症状出现后 30 天内进行血浆置换也可改善预后。[38]Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, et al. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD001798.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001798.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786475?tool=bestpractice.com[136]McKhann GM, Griffin JW, Cornblath DR, et al. Plasmapheresis and Guillain-Barré syndrome: analysis of prognostic factors and the effect of plasmapheresis. Ann Neurol. 1988;23:347-353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3382169?tool=bestpractice.com血浆置换应与支持性护理同时开始。轻度 GBS 患者,2 次血浆置换要优于 1 次或零次;中度 GBS 患者,4 次血浆置换优于 2 次。[38]Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, et al. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD001798.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001798.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786475?tool=bestpractice.com采取机械供氧的重度患者,6 次血浆置换并不优于 4 次。[38]Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, et al. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD001798.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001798.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786475?tool=bestpractice.com采用血浆置换方法的复发风险较高。[38]Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, et al. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD001798.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001798.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786475?tool=bestpractice.com大型随机多中心临床试验已确立重度疾病患者中的有效性。[13]The French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Appropriate number of plasma exchanges in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:298-306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9066350?tool=bestpractice.com[137]French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Efficiency of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome: role of replacement fluids. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:753-761.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2893583?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Osterman PO, Fagius J, Lundemo G, et al. Beneficial effects of plasma exchange in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Lancet. 1984;2:1296-1299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6150321?tool=bestpractice.com已有证据表明,以下范围中,血浆置换优于支持性护理:
依靠帮助下恢复行走的平均时间(主要结果)
恢复期开始较早(主要结果)
经过 4 周后,残疾改善 1 个等级(次要结果)
其他次要结果包括恢复无需帮助行走的时间方面的改进、需要机械通气的百分比、通气的持续时间、完整的肌肉力量、1 年后的恢复情况及 1 年后的严重后遗症。[38]Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, et al. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD001798.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001798.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786475?tool=bestpractice.com
通过中心静脉导管输入推荐剂量:50 mL/kg 体重,症状发作后 2 周内开始,从第 7 天至第 14 天。0 级至 2 级残疾的轻度 GBS 患者给予 2 次血浆置换;3 级至 6 级残疾的重度 GBS 患者给予 4 次血浆置换,将白蛋白置于连续流动机中。[38]Raphaël JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, et al. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD001798.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001798.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786475?tool=bestpractice.com建议卧床患者在症状发作后 4 周内、非卧床患者症状发作后 2 周内尽可能早地进行血浆置换。[132]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, et al. Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;61:736-740.http://www.neurology.org/content/61/6/736.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504313?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉内注射免疫球蛋白
IVIG 目的是加速恢复并减轻长期功能障碍。建议非卧床患者在神经病学症状发作 2 周内采用此疗法。[40]Hughes RA, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD002063.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002063.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238327?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, et al. Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;61:736-740.http://www.neurology.org/content/61/6/736.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504313?tool=bestpractice.com建议需要帮助方能行走的患者在神经病学症状发作起 2 至 4 周内采用静脉内注射免疫球蛋白的疗法。[132]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, et al. Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;61:736-740.http://www.neurology.org/content/61/6/736.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504313?tool=bestpractice.com
有益效果的可能机制包括阻滞巨噬细胞上的Fc受体,以避免抗体攻击施旺细胞膜和髓鞘或轴索变异型 GBS 中的轴膜;通过免疫球蛋白中的抗自身免疫抗体和抗细胞因子抗体中和患者血清中的自身免疫抗体或细胞因子;及对补体级联反应或 T 细胞调节效应进行干预。[139]Dalakas MC. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular diseases: evidence-based indications and safety profile. Pharmacol Ther. 2004;102:177-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246245?tool=bestpractice.com
另一假设可能是,高浓度循环的免疫球蛋白加速 IgG 分解。循环 IgG 由内皮细胞上特异性受体 (FcRn) 获取,受体吞噬 IgG 并将其完整返回至循环中。过量 IgG 超出循环系统的容量,循环系统将多余的 IgG 转移至溶酶体并在溶酶体中将其分解。[140]Yu Z, Lennon VA. Mechanism of intravenous immune globulin therapy in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:227-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9895405?tool=bestpractice.com
康复
急性期推荐。包括等长运动、等张运动、等速运动、徒手抗阻式及渐进性抗阻训练和温和的增强训练。应注重适当的肢体定位、姿势、矫正术及营养。[126]Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Benson E, et al. Supportive care for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1194-1198.http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=789059http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16087757?tool=bestpractice.com研究已显示,多学科方法可以改善残疾、提高生活质量,并减轻疲劳。[141]Khan F, Amatya B. Rehabilitation interventions in patients with acute demyelinating inflammatory polyneuropathy: a systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2012;48:507-522.http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/europa-medicophysica/article.php?cod=R33Y2012N03A0507http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820829?tool=bestpractice.com