在美国,GBS 风险增加与 1976 年猪流感疫苗有关,虽然对风险的严重程度仍有争论。直至 1991 年,未观察到任何增加的风险。[10]Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1130-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1552914?tool=bestpractice.com对后续大规模流感疫苗接种计划认真进行了监测研究后,未发现 GBS 风险增加。[60]Roscelli JD, Bass JW, Pang L. Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza vaccination in the US Army, 1980-1988. 1991;133:952-955.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2028981?tool=bestpractice.com流行病学研究发现,没有证据表明季节性流行性感冒疫苗接种后 GBS 风险增加。[30]Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, et al. Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barré syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:382-388.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033158?tool=bestpractice.com该研究分析了英国综合实践研究数据库 15 年的数据后发现,与发生流感样疾病 90 天内 GBS相对发病率 7.35 相比,流感疫苗接种 90 天内 GBS 相对发病率是 0.76。[30]Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, et al. Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barré syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:382-388.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033158?tool=bestpractice.com人们认为,现代流感疫苗接种所产生的病例< 1 例/100 万接种者。[61]Lehmann HC, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:643-651.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797646?tool=bestpractice.com
已报告 8 例 GBS 发作于 A、C、Y 及 W135 (MCV4) 群脑膜炎球菌联合疫苗接种之后。但相关性仍不能确定,因为疫苗接种后 6 周内 GBS 发病率与正常情况一样。[62]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA and CDC issue alert on Menactra meningococcal vaccine and Guillain Barre syndrome. September 2005. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 19 May 2016).http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2005/ucm108494.htm
芬兰的一则报告显示,口服减毒活脊髓灰质炎疫苗可能诱发 GBS。[63]Kinnunen E, Junttila O, Haukka J, et al. Nationwide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign and the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:69-73.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/147/1/69.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9440401?tool=bestpractice.com
接种含有对人类髓鞘碱性蛋白和半乳糖脑苷脂作出抗体反应的小鼠髓鞘成分的狂犬病疫苗之后,约1000 例中有 1 例患出现了GBS。[29]Hemachudha T, Griffin DE, Chen WW, et al. Immunologic studies of rabies vaccination-induced Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology. 1988;38:375-378.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2450302?tool=bestpractice.com
一份系统性综述估算每百万接种疫苗的人群中有 1.6 人可能会患上 GBS,但其结论是应仔细权衡疫苗接种的防护利益与患GBS的风险。[64]Maglione MA, Gidengil C, Das L, et al. Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization in the United States. Evidence Report/Technology Assessments, No. 215. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230053/