诊断库欣综合征的关键在于决定哪些患者需要进行诊断评估。随着肥胖症和代谢综合征(中心性肥胖、高血压和胰岛素抵抗)的日益流行,许多患者存在库欣样综合征的表现但大多数并不存在库欣综合征。
重要的考虑因素包括:女性(因为库欣综合征中女性的比例更高)、不明原因的高血压(特别是年轻患者),新出现的糖耐量受损或糖尿病、不明原因的体重增加、原因不明的骨折(由于过早的骨质疏松)、多毛症、月经不规则和无法解释的近端肢体肌无力。
病史
所有怀疑库欣综合征的患者应进行彻底的病史回顾,以排除口服、注射、吸入或局部应用糖皮质激素而出现的医源性疾病。以下患者应该至少接受筛查:[30]Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2008-0125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334580?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Brzana J, Yedinak CG, Hameed N, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and Cushing's syndrome: a persistent diagnostic quandary. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Apr;175:145-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24491275?tool=bestpractice.com
物理性
提示库欣综合征的临床表现包括:
进行性近端肢体肌无力
无明显外伤而出现的瘀伤
满月脸或多血质外貌
紫纹
锁骨上脂肪垫
颈背部脂肪垫
体重增加伴生长速度直线下降的儿童也应该被考虑。除此之外,许多患者的面部、背部和胸部发生痤疮的频率增加时也应被考虑。
女性在皮质醇过量的情况下迅速出现的男性化(多毛症迅速出现或加重、声音低沉和阴蒂肥大)提示肾上腺癌,其发生库欣综合征的几率为 30%-40%。[14]Latronico AC, Chrousos GP. Extensive personal experience: adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1317-24.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/82/5/1317.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9141510?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Mendonca BB, Lucon AM, Menezes CA, et al. Clinical, hormonal and pathological findings in a comparative study of adrenal cortical neoplasms in childhood and adulthood. J Urol. 1995 Dec;154(6):2004-9.http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(01)66673-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500445?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Flack MR, Chrousos GP. Neoplasms of adrenal cortex. In: Holland J, Frei E, Bast R, et al (eds). Cancer medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 1993:1147-53.
初始生化检查
怀疑库欣综合征的患者应接受以下 4 个高敏感性试验中的一个作为一线诊断试验:[30]Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2008-0125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334580?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Nieman L. Cushing's: update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M33-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553096/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156970?tool=bestpractice.com
深夜唾液皮质醇
过夜口服 1 mg 地塞米松抑制试验
24 小时尿游离皮质醇
48 小时口服 2 mg 地塞米松抑制试验。
应重复进行最初的诊断试验以增加诊断价值。例如,应在 2 个不同的夜晚获得深夜唾液皮质醇样本。[33]Carroll TB, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta -analysis. Endocr Pract. 2009 May-Jun;15(4):335-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502211?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3647-55.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2009-1166http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602555?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Zhang Q, Dou J, Gu W, et al. Reassessing the reliability of the salivary cortisol assay for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2013 Oct;41(5):1387-94.http://imr.sagepub.com/content/41/5/1387.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24065452?tool=bestpractice.com 类似地,至少收集两份 24 小时尿游离皮质醇样本以增加诊断准确性。[36]Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, Findling JW, et al. High variability in baseline urinary free cortisol values in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Feb;80(2):261-9.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.12259/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23746264?tool=bestpractice.com 或者,可再行另一个高敏感性试验:例如,在行深夜唾液皮质醇试验的同时可以补充 24 小时尿游离皮质醇试验。[37]Elias PC, Martinez EZ, Barone BF, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol has a better performance than urinary free cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):2045-51.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2013-4262http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24628557?tool=bestpractice.com
最初生化检查正常的患者患库欣综合征的可能性不大。如果体征或症状进展,或怀疑为间歇性库欣综合征,可于 6 个月后或在假定皮质醇分泌过多时重复生化检查。[30]Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2008-0125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334580?tool=bestpractice.com
最初生化检查存在任何异常的患者需要进一步检查。在进一步评估之前,生理性皮质醇增多症应被排除在外。这些情况包括:身体应激、营养不良、酗酒、抑郁、妊娠,以及可能性较大的病态肥胖症或代谢综合征。[38]Keller J, Flores B, Gomez RG, et al. Cortisol circadian rhythm alterations in psychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 1;60(3):275-81.http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(05)01368-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16458262?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Carroll BJ, Cassidy F, Naftolowitz D, et al. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;(433):90-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17280575?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2681-6.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/83/8/2681.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9709931?tool=bestpractice.com 行尿妊娠试验以排除妊娠,行血糖监测以明确是否存在糖耐量异常或糖尿病。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 库欣综合征的诊断方法改编自 Nieman et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1526-1540. Copyright 2008, The Endocrine Society [Citation ends].
确认生化检查结果
如果最初的生化检查呈阳性,且排除生理性皮质醇增多症,应该进行皮质醇增多症确诊试验并转诊至内分泌专科医生。重点考虑重复最初检查结果异常的试验。[30]Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2008-0125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334580?tool=bestpractice.com 如果确诊试验正常,则不太可能患有库欣综合征。如果多个附加试验均异常,则患者存在库欣综合征,并应进行鉴别诊断检查。硫酸脱氢表雄酮的水平显著升高提示肾上腺皮质癌,但该指标既不具有敏感性,也不具有特异性。
最初的鉴别诊断试验
皮质醇增多症一旦确诊,应寻找病因。
清晨血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)测定是鉴别库欣综合征是否依赖 ACTH 的方法。ACTH 水平被抑制(<1 pmol/L [<5 pg/mL])提示为非依赖 ACTH 库欣综合征,进一步检查应包括肾上腺影像学检查,以明确是否存在致皮质醇增多症的肾上腺病变,例如腺瘤。
ACTH 水平未受抑制(> 4 pmol/L [>20 pg/mL])提示为 ACTH 依赖型库欣综合征。[26]Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1605-17.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)68699-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698415?tool=bestpractice.com 对于这些患者,应开始进行垂体/蝶鞍磁共振成像 (MRI) 检查,以明确是否存在分泌 ACTH 的垂体腺瘤。研究表明,对于库欣综合征患者,在发现和定位垂体微腺瘤方面,扰相梯度回波 3D T1 序列比动态 MRI 的敏感性更高。[41]Grober Y, Grober H, Wintermark M, et al. Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 2017 Apr 28:1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452619?tool=bestpractice.com
存在库欣综合征症状或 MRI 提示腺瘤直径> 6 mm 的 ACTH 性库欣综合征患者或许可以开始治疗。但是,一些临床医生在进行手术治疗前更青睐通过大剂量地塞米松抑制试验来进行额外的生化验证。[42]Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, et al. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev. 1998 Oct;19(5):647-72.http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/19/5/647.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9793762?tool=bestpractice.com 由于大剂量地塞米松抑制试验的敏感性和特异性差异较大,该试验的应用存有争议。[43]Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW. Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1780-5.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/82/6/1780.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9177382?tool=bestpractice.com 多达 40% 的库欣病患者在垂体或蝶鞍 MRI 上未见明显异常。在 MRI 下没有明确病变的患者应接受岩下窦采样。[26]Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1605-17.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)68699-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698415?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Raff H, Findling JW. A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jun 17;138(12):980-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12809455?tool=bestpractice.com
岩下窦采样
ACTH 依赖性库欣综合征患者可能为库欣病(占 90%-95%)或异位 ACTH(占 5%-10%)。MRI 未发现明显病变的患者需要进行岩下窦采样(IPSS)。IPSS 是唯一具有足够诊断准确性并能鉴别库欣病与异位 ACTH 生成的检查。[44]Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991 Sep 26;325(13):897-905.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199109263251301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1652686?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Shaker JL, et al. Routine inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome: early recognition of the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Aug;73(2):408-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1649842?tool=bestpractice.com 当岩下窦静脉血 ACTH 与外周 ACTH 的比值>2:1 时,或在促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)刺激后该比值大于 3:1 时,提示为库欣病并且可以进行治疗;不存在浓度差异时,则提示可能为异位 ACTH 生成。[28]Raff H, Findling JW. A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jun 17;138(12):980-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12809455?tool=bestpractice.com
异位 ACTH 综合征的检查
如果患者不存在 IPSS 中央/外周比>2:1 或者促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素 (CRH) 刺激后>3:1,应进行针对异位 ACTH 分泌的检查。评估通常包括胸部、腹部和盆腔 CT 扫描,以发现分泌 ACTH 的肿瘤。最常见分泌 ACTH 的肿瘤为支气管类癌和胸腺类癌。其他神经内分泌肿瘤包括胰岛细胞癌和髓样甲状腺癌。[45]Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Shaker JL, et al. Routine inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome: early recognition of the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Aug;73(2):408-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1649842?tool=bestpractice.com 对于经选择的病例,胸部 MRI 检查可能有帮助;对于某些患者,也可能考虑使用其他影像学检查方法,例如氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像、镓-68 DOTATATE 正电子发射断层成像/CT 和奥曲肽扫描。[46]Doppman JL, Pass HI, Nieman LK, et al. Detection of ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumors: MR imaging vs CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Jan;156(1):39-43.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.156.1.1845787http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1845787?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Pacak K, Ilias I, Chen CC, et al. The role of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and (111)In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-D-Phe-pentetreotide scintigraphy in the localization of ectopic adrenocorticotropin-secreting tumors causing Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2214-21.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/89/5/2214.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126544?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Panagiotidis E, Alshammari A, Michopoulou S, et al. Comparison of the impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT on clinical management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2017 Jan;58(1):91-6.http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/58/1/91.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27516446?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Santhanam P, Taieb D, Giovanella L, et al. PET imaging in ectopic Cushing syndrome: a systematic review. Endocrine. 2015 Nov;50(2):297-305.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206753?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Barrio M, Czernin J, Fanti S, et al. The impact of somatostatin receptor-directed PET/CT on the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2017 May;58(5):756-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28082438?tool=bestpractice.com
亚临床库欣综合征 (SCS)
这些患者通常偶然发现皮质醇分泌轻度增多的肾上腺腺瘤。皮质醇分泌轻度增多需要特殊方法检测,而且由于疾病内在特性,可能更难诊断。对于偶然发现肾上腺结节而无明显库欣综合征临床症状的患者,1 mg 地塞米松抑制试验应为初始诊断性试验,因为尿游离皮质醇和深夜唾液皮质醇试验在这些患者中的敏感性差。[32]Nieman L. Cushing's: update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M33-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553096/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156970?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Masserini B, Morelli V, Bergamaschi S, et al. The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jan;160(1):87-92.http://www.eje-online.org/content/160/1/87.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835977?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Colao A. How should patients with adrenal incidentalomas be followed up? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 May;2(5):352-4.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(13)70190-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795241?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Aug;175(2):G1-34.http://www.eje-online.org/content/175/2/G1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27390021?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 meta 分析表明,与单侧肾上腺偶发瘤患者相比,双侧肾上腺偶发瘤患者的 SCS 患病率更高。[54]Paschou SA, Kandaraki E, Dimitropoulou F, et al. Subclinical Cushing's syndrome in patients with bilateral compared to unilateral adrenal incidentalomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2016 Feb;51(2):225-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498946?tool=bestpractice.com