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Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2681-6.

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Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, et al. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev. 1998 Oct;19(5):647-72.

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Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):2807-31.

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Gadelha MR, Vieira Neto L. Efficacy of medical treatment in Cushing's disease: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Jan;80(1):1-12.

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Ritzel K, Beuschlein F, Mickisch A, et al. Clinical review: outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;98(10):3939-48.

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2.  Costa MH, Lacroix A. Cushing's syndrome secondary to ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007 Nov;51(8):1226-37.

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11.  Pecori Giraldi F, Pivonello R, Ambrogio AG, et al. The dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the desmopressin test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing's states. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Feb;66(2):251-7.

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12.  Ross EJ, Linch DC. Cushing's syndrome - killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis. Lancet. 1982 Sep 18;2(8299):646-9.

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18.  Lindholm J, Juul S, Jørgensen JO, et al. Incidence and late prognosis of Cushing's syndrome: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):117-23.

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19.  Anderson GH Jr, Blankeman N, Streeten DH. The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens. 1994 May;12(5):609-15.

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21.  Catargi B, Rigalleau V, Poussin A, et al. Occult Cushing's syndrome in type-2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):5808-13.

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22.  Leibowitz G, Tsur A, Chayen SD, et al. Pre-clinical Cushing's syndrome: an unexpected frequent cause of poor glycaemic control in obese diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Jun;44(6):717-22.

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23.  Reincke M, Nieke J, Krestin GP, et al. Preclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal "incidentalomas": comparison with adrenal Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Sep;75(3):826-32.

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24.  Terzolo M, Pia A, Ali A, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma: a new cause of the metabolic syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):998-1003.

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25.  Chiodini I, Mascia ML, Muscarella S, et al. Subclinical hypercortisolism among outpatients referred for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 16;147(8):541-8.

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26.  Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1605-17.

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27.  Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, et al. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med. 1994 May 15;120(10):817-20.

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28.  Raff H, Findling JW. A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jun 17;138(12):980-91.

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29.  Perez-Rivas LG, Reincke M. Genetics of Cushing's disease: an update. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Jan;39(1):29-35.

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30.  Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.

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31.  Brzana J, Yedinak CG, Hameed N, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and Cushing's syndrome: a persistent diagnostic quandary. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Apr;175:145-8.

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32.  Nieman L. Cushing's: update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M33-8.

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33.  Carroll TB, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta -analysis. Endocr Pract. 2009 May-Jun;15(4):335-42.

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34.  Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3647-55.

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35.  Zhang Q, Dou J, Gu W, et al. Reassessing the reliability of the salivary cortisol assay for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2013 Oct;41(5):1387-94.

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36.  Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, Findling JW, et al. High variability in baseline urinary free cortisol values in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Feb;80(2):261-9.

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37.  Elias PC, Martinez EZ, Barone BF, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol has a better performance than urinary free cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):2045-51.

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38.  Keller J, Flores B, Gomez RG, et al. Cortisol circadian rhythm alterations in psychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 1;60(3):275-81.

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39.  Carroll BJ, Cassidy F, Naftolowitz D, et al. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;(433):90-103.

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40.  Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2681-6.

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41.  Grober Y, Grober H, Wintermark M, et al. Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 2017 Apr 28:1-7.

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42.  Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, et al. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev. 1998 Oct;19(5):647-72.

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43.  Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW. Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1780-5.

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44.  Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991 Sep 26;325(13):897-905.

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45.  Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Shaker JL, et al. Routine inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome: early recognition of the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Aug;73(2):408-13.

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46.  Doppman JL, Pass HI, Nieman LK, et al. Detection of ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumors: MR imaging vs CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Jan;156(1):39-43.

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47.  Pacak K, Ilias I, Chen CC, et al. The role of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and (111)In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-D-Phe-pentetreotide scintigraphy in the localization of ectopic adrenocorticotropin-secreting tumors causing Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2214-21.

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48.  Panagiotidis E, Alshammari A, Michopoulou S, et al. Comparison of the impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT on clinical management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2017 Jan;58(1):91-6.

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49.  Santhanam P, Taieb D, Giovanella L, et al. PET imaging in ectopic Cushing syndrome: a systematic review. Endocrine. 2015 Nov;50(2):297-305.

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50.  Barrio M, Czernin J, Fanti S, et al. The impact of somatostatin receptor-directed PET/CT on the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2017 May;58(5):756-61.

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51.  Masserini B, Morelli V, Bergamaschi S, et al. The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jan;160(1):87-92.

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52.  Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Colao A. How should patients with adrenal incidentalomas be followed up? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 May;2(5):352-4.

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53.  Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Aug;175(2):G1-34.

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54.  Paschou SA, Kandaraki E, Dimitropoulou F, et al. Subclinical Cushing's syndrome in patients with bilateral compared to unilateral adrenal incidentalomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2016 Feb;51(2):225-35.

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55.  Steffensen C, Pereira AM, Dekkers OM, et al. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: prevalence of hypercortisolism in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Dec;175(6):R247-53.

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56.  Dorn LD, Burgess ES, Dubbert B, et al. Psychopathology in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome: 'atypical' or melancholic features. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995 Oct;43(4):433-42.

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57.  Bourdeau I, Bard C, Forget H, et al. Cognitive function and cerebral assessment in patients who have Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;34(2):357-69;ix.

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58.  Pecori Giraldi F, Moro M, Cavagnini F, et al. Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1554-8.

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59.  Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun;4(6):344-50.

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60.  Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1553-62.

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61.  Invitti C, Pecori Giraldi F, Dubini A, et al. Increased urinary free cortisol and decreased serum corticosteroid-binding globulin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 Jul;125(1):28-32.

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62.  Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):2807-31.

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63.  Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG 2nd, et al. Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999 May 18;130(10):821-4.

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64.  Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):6348-57.

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65.  Fleseriu M, Petersenn S. Medical management of Cushing's disease: what is the future? Pituitary. 2012 Sep;15(3):330-41.

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66.  Atkinson AB, Kennedy A, Wiggam MI, et al. Long-term remission rates after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease: the need for long-term surveillance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Nov;63(5):549-59.

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67.  Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M. Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing's disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Nov;80(11):3114-20.

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68.  Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M, Muller OA. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J R Soc Med. 1986 May;79(5):262-9.

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69.  Hofmann BM, Fahlbusch R. Treatment of Cushing's disease: a retrospective clinical study of the latest 100 cases. Front Horm Res. 2006;34:158-84.

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70.  Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. Persistent and recurrent hypercortisolism after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1996;65:31-4.

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71.  Stevenaert A, Perrin G, Martin D, et al. Cushing's disease and corticotrophic adenoma: results of pituitary microsurgery. Neurochirurgie. 2002 May;48(2-3 Pt 2):234-65.

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72.  Shimon I, Ram Z, Cohen ZR, et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: endocrinological follow-up monitoring of 82 patients. Neurosurgery. 2002 Jul;51(1):57-61;discussion 61-2.

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73.  Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, et al. Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jul;81(7):2647-52.

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74.  Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, et al. Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 1989 Oct;71(4):520-7.

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75.  Patil CG, Veeravagu A, Prevedello DM, et al. Outcomes after repeat transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2008 Aug;63(2):266-70;discussion 270-1.

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76.  Blevins LS Jr, Sanai N, Kunwar S, et al. An approach to the management of patients with residual Cushing's disease. J Neurooncol. 2009 Sep;94(3):313-9.

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77.  Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J, et al. Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary. 2013 Dec;16(4):452-8.

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78.  Abu Dabrh AM, Singh Ospina NM, Al Nofal A, et al. Predictors of biochemical remission and recurrence after surgical and radiation treatments of Cushing disease: a systematic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2016 Apr;22(4):466-75.

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79.  Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP, et al. Late recurrences of Cushing's disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb;93(2):358-62.

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80.  Fleseriu M, Hamrahian AH, Hoffman AR, et al; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: diagnosis of recurrence in Cushing disease. Endocr Pract. 2016 Dec;22(12):1436-48.

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81.  Sughrue ME, Shah JK, Devin JK, et al. Utility of the immediate postoperative cortisol concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2010 Sep;67(3):688-95;discussion 695.

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82.  Danet-Lamasou M, Asselineau J, Perez P, et al. Accuracy of repeated measurements of late-night salivary cortisol to screen for early-stage recurrence of Cushing's disease following pituitary surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Feb;82(2):260-6.

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83.  Carrasco CA, Coste J, Guignat L, et al. Midnight salivary cortisol determination for assessing the outcome of transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4728-34.

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84.  Pivonello R, De Leo M, Cozzolino A, et al. The treatment of Cushing's disease. Endocr Rev. 2015 Aug;36(4):385-486.

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85.  Fleseriu M. Medical treatment of Cushing disease: new targets, new hope. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015 Mar;44(1):51-70.

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86.  Reincke M, Ritzel K, Osswald A, et al. A critical re-appraisal of bilateral adrenalectomy for ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M23-32.

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87.  Benveniste RJ, King WA, Walsh J, et al. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery to treat recurrent or residual pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2005 Jun;102(6):1004-12.

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88.  Hofmann BM, Hlavac M, Kreutzer J, et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2006 Jun;58(6):1108-18;discussion 1108-18.

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89.  Gadelha MR, Vieira Neto L. Efficacy of medical treatment in Cushing's disease: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Jan;80(1):1-12.

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90.  Simeoli C, Auriemma RS, Tortora F, et al. The treatment with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: effects of long-term treatment on tumor mass in the experience of a single center. Endocrine. 2015 Dec;50(3):725-40.

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91.  Findling JW, Fleseriu M, Newell-Price J, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol may be valuable for assessing treatment response in patients with Cushing's disease: 12-month, phase III pasireotide study. Endocrine. 2016 Nov;54(2):516-23.

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92.  Trementino L, Michetti G, Angeletti A, et al. A single-center 10-year experience with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: patients' characteristics and outcome. Horm Metab Res. 2016 May;48(5):290-8.

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93.  Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):914-24.

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94.  Petersenn S, Fleseriu M. Pituitary-directed medical therapy in Cushing's disease. Pituitary. 2015 Apr;18(2):238-44.

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95.  Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, et al. Ketoconazole in Cushing's disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;99(5):1623-30.

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96.  Fleseriu M, Castinetti F. Updates on the role of adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing's syndrome: a focus on novel therapies. Pituitary. 2016 Dec;19(6):643-53.

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97.  US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that prescribing of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets for unapproved uses including skin and nail infections continues; linked to patient death. May 2016 [internet publication].

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98.  Fleseriu M, Petersenn S. Medical therapy for Cushing's disease: adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors and glucocorticoid receptor blockers. Pituitary. 2015 Apr;18(2):245-52.

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99.  Valassi E, Aulinas A, Glad CA, et al. A polymorphism in the CYP17A1 gene influences the therapeutic response to steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Jun 30 [Epub ahead of print].

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100.  Fleseriu M, Findling JW, Koch CA, et al. Changes in plasma ACTH levels and corticotroph tumor size in patients with Cushing's disease during long-term treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3718-27.

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101.  Fleseriu M, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):2039-49.

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102.  Castinetti F, Nagai M, Dufour H, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Jan;156(1):91-8.

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103.  Devin JK, Allen GS, Cmelak AJ, et al. The efficacy of linear accelerator radiosurgery in the management of patients with Cushing's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82(5-6):254-62.

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104.  Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, et al. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 16;336(3):172-7.

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105.  Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Long-term follow-up of low-dose external pituitary irradiation for Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1990 Oct;33(4):445-55.

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106.  Starke RM, Williams BJ, Vance ML, et al. Radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of Cushing's disease: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Aug;17(4):356-64.

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107.  Neychev V, Steinberg SM, Yang L, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy measured by disease-specific questionnaire in a unique group of patients with Cushing's syndrome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 Dec;22 Suppl 3:S699-706.

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108.  Ritzel K, Beuschlein F, Mickisch A, et al. Clinical review: outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;98(10):3939-48.

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109.  Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Treatment of Cushing's disease: a mechanistic update. J Endocrinol. 2014 Nov;223(2):R19-39.

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110.  Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov;101(11):3888-921.

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111.  Bancos I, Alahdab F, Crowley RK, et al. Therapy of endocrine disease: improvement of cardiovascular risk factors after adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal tumors and subclinical Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Dec;175(6):R283-95.

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