库欣病(垂体腺瘤)
库欣病这一术语是指分泌促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH) 的垂体肿瘤。治疗的最终目的是在保留垂体功能的同时切除致病的垂体腺瘤使皮质醇水平恢复正常。在采取其他治疗前,生长抑素类似物(帕瑞肽)、皮质醇生成抑制剂或糖皮质激素受体拮抗剂(米非司酮)偶尔可用于治疗轻度皮质醇增多症或者用于短期治疗重度皮质醇增多症。
一线治疗为经蝶鞍 (transsphenoidal, TSS) 切除致病的垂体腺瘤,由经验丰富的外科医生实施。[64]Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):6348-57.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2003-032180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579802?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Fleseriu M, Petersenn S. Medical management of Cushing's disease: what is the future? Pituitary. 2012 Sep;15(3):330-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443360/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674211?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管经适当的手术切除后,腺瘤直径小于 1cm 患者的缓解率为 65%-90%,术后 5 年复发率可达 5%-26%。腺瘤更大患者术后的缓解率和复发率更不理想。[64]Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):6348-57.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2003-032180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579802?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Atkinson AB, Kennedy A, Wiggam MI, et al. Long-term remission rates after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease: the need for long-term surveillance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Nov;63(5):549-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16268808?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M. Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing's disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Nov;80(11):3114-20.http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/64110http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7593411?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M, Muller OA. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J R Soc Med. 1986 May;79(5):262-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290309/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3014145?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Hofmann BM, Fahlbusch R. Treatment of Cushing's disease: a retrospective clinical study of the latest 100 cases. Front Horm Res. 2006;34:158-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474220?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. Persistent and recurrent hypercortisolism after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1996;65:31-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738490?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stevenaert A, Perrin G, Martin D, et al. Cushing's disease and corticotrophic adenoma: results of pituitary microsurgery. Neurochirurgie. 2002 May;48(2-3 Pt 2):234-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12058129?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Shimon I, Ram Z, Cohen ZR, et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: endocrinological follow-up monitoring of 82 patients. Neurosurgery. 2002 Jul;51(1):57-61;discussion 61-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12182435?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, et al. Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jul;81(7):2647-52.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem.81.7.8675592http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8675592?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, et al. Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 1989 Oct;71(4):520-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2552045?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Patil CG, Veeravagu A, Prevedello DM, et al. Outcomes after repeat transsphenoidal surgery for recurrent Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2008 Aug;63(2):266-70;discussion 270-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18797356?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Blevins LS Jr, Sanai N, Kunwar S, et al. An approach to the management of patients with residual Cushing's disease. J Neurooncol. 2009 Sep;94(3):313-9.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11060-009-9888-2/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19381447?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J, et al. Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary. 2013 Dec;16(4):452-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242860?tool=bestpractice.com 目前发现微腺瘤患者或肿瘤组织学检查显示促肾上腺皮质激素阳性的患者经一线 TSS 治疗后的缓解率更高。[78]Abu Dabrh AM, Singh Ospina NM, Al Nofal A, et al. Predictors of biochemical remission and recurrence after surgical and radiation treatments of Cushing disease: a systematic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2016 Apr;22(4):466-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789343?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 库欣病的治疗方法来自 Ty Carroll 博士和 James W. Findling 博士的数据;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
许多患者在垂体手术后接受皮质类固醇支持,但应在术后 1 周内进行病情缓解情况评估。[64]Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):6348-57.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2003-032180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579802?tool=bestpractice.com 最简单的方法是在最后一次服用皮质类固醇替代治疗至少 24 小时后测量清晨皮质醇水平。术后患者的清晨皮质醇水平<55 nmol/L(即<2 μg/dL)时可认为进入缓解期并可长期随访。清晨皮质醇水平>138 nmol/L(即>5 μg/dL)时可能需要进一步的评估和治疗。清晨皮质醇水平在 55-138 nmol/L(2-5 μg/dL)时需要进一步检测上午皮质醇的下降幅度。术后清晨皮质醇水平>55 nmol/L (>2 μg/dL) 的患者术后复发的可能性是<55 nmol/L (<2 μg/dL) 患者的 2.5 倍。[79]Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP, et al. Late recurrences of Cushing's disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb;93(2):358-62.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2007-2013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18056770?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Abu Dabrh AM, Singh Ospina NM, Al Nofal A, et al. Predictors of biochemical remission and recurrence after surgical and radiation treatments of Cushing disease: a systematic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2016 Apr;22(4):466-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789343?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Fleseriu M, Hamrahian AH, Hoffman AR, et al; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: diagnosis of recurrence in Cushing disease. Endocr Pract. 2016 Dec;22(12):1436-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27643842?tool=bestpractice.com
因为术后肾上腺功能减退可预测缓解情况,所以一些机构提倡:在垂体手术后出现肾上腺机能不全症状时,应用常规皮质类固醇疗法,每 8 小时检测一次皮质醇水平。[81]Sughrue ME, Shah JK, Devin JK, et al. Utility of the immediate postoperative cortisol concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2010 Sep;67(3):688-95;discussion 695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651632?tool=bestpractice.com 如果出现肾上腺功能减退或检测到皮质醇水平减低需开始应用皮质醇替代治疗。一些机构术后常规应用皮质类固醇疗法,并评估术后皮质醇增多症的缓解程度。[77]Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J, et al. Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary. 2013 Dec;16(4):452-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242860?tool=bestpractice.com 皮质类固醇水平通常在 1 周或更短的时间内迅速下降至生理水平(通常在出院前)。术后随访 3 个月检查下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的功能是否恢复正常,如果连续监测,通常检测清晨服用氢化可的松前的皮质醇水平。皮质醇水平>552 nmol/L(即>20 μg/dL)时提示已恢复;<83 nmol/L(即<3 μg/dL)时需要继续服用皮质类固醇;介于 83-552 nmol/L(即 3-20 μg/dL)时,需要进一步测试(促皮质素刺激试验/胰岛素耐受试验或甲吡酮试验)。一旦HPA轴恢复,患者仍需要进行检查以预防疾病复发。唾液皮质醇试验似乎是一个预测早期复发的更好指标。[82]Danet-Lamasou M, Asselineau J, Perez P, et al. Accuracy of repeated measurements of late-night salivary cortisol to screen for early-stage recurrence of Cushing's disease following pituitary surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Feb;82(2):260-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975391?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Carrasco CA, Coste J, Guignat L, et al. Midnight salivary cortisol determination for assessing the outcome of transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4728-34.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2008-1171http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728161?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Fleseriu M, Hamrahian AH, Hoffman AR, et al; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: diagnosis of recurrence in Cushing disease. Endocr Pract. 2016 Dec;22(12):1436-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27643842?tool=bestpractice.com
对首次垂体手术失败或复发的患者需进行其他治疗。标准的治疗方法包括:重复垂体手术、放疗、双侧肾上腺切除术或药物治疗。[84]Pivonello R, De Leo M, Cozzolino A, et al. The treatment of Cushing's disease. Endocr Rev. 2015 Aug;36(4):385-486.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523083/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26067718?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Fleseriu M. Medical treatment of Cushing disease: new targets, new hope. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015 Mar;44(1):51-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732642?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Reincke M, Ritzel K, Osswald A, et al. A critical re-appraisal of bilateral adrenalectomy for ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M23-32.http://www.eje-online.org/content/173/4/M23.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25994948?tool=bestpractice.com
再次手术通常是首次手术失败后的首选治疗方法。对于所有未根治或复发的患者应考虑再次手术。这对大约 2/3 的患者有效;[74]Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, et al. Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 1989 Oct;71(4):520-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2552045?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Benveniste RJ, King WA, Walsh J, et al. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery to treat recurrent or residual pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2005 Jun;102(6):1004-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028758?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Hofmann BM, Hlavac M, Kreutzer J, et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2006 Jun;58(6):1108-18;discussion 1108-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16723890?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,再次手术后腺垂体功能减退的风险为 50%,远高于首次手术治疗后。[74]Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, et al. Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 1989 Oct;71(4):520-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2552045?tool=bestpractice.com
如果再次手术无效或患者不适合再次手术,需要考虑其他的治疗方法。
药物治疗在临床实践中的应用日益增多;然而,关于库欣病的药物疗法缺乏高质量的研究,一项包含 15 项研究(10 项为专门针对库欣病的研究)的 meta 分析显示只有一种药物存在“中等”水平的证据。[89]Gadelha MR, Vieira Neto L. Efficacy of medical treatment in Cushing's disease: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Jan;80(1):1-12.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.12345/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118077?tool=bestpractice.com 由于研究设计和质量的变异性,比较药物有效率时应该谨慎。帕西瑞肽是唯一一个在随机试验中接受评估并达到中等证据水平的药物。三个前瞻性研究中帕西瑞肽的反应率为 17% 到 29%。其余药物的证据水平均为“低”或者“极低”。
帕瑞肽是生长抑素类似物,选择性作用于促肾上腺皮质腺瘤的生长抑素受体,现在被用于库欣病的药物治疗。帕瑞肽可以与生长抑素的多个受体结合,但是与受体 5 的亲和力最强,受体 5 主要在促肾上腺皮质腺瘤患者中表达。帕瑞肽可以使大多数库欣病患者的皮质醇水平降低,但只有 25% 的患者皮质醇水平恢复正常。一项研究发现,经过 6 个月的帕瑞肽治疗后,62.5% 的患者肿瘤缩小。[90]Simeoli C, Auriemma RS, Tortora F, et al. The treatment with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: effects of long-term treatment on tumor mass in the experience of a single center. Endocrine. 2015 Dec;50(3):725-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25743263?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗后唾液皮质醇也减少;因此在随访评估库欣病患者的治疗反应方面,唾液皮质醇可能是更加方便的生物标志物。[91]Findling JW, Fleseriu M, Newell-Price J, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol may be valuable for assessing treatment response in patients with Cushing's disease: 12-month, phase III pasireotide study. Endocrine. 2016 Nov;54(2):516-23.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083774/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209465?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Trementino L, Michetti G, Angeletti A, et al. A single-center 10-year experience with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: patients' characteristics and outcome. Horm Metab Res. 2016 May;48(5):290-8.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-101347http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27127913?tool=bestpractice.com 为期 10 年的单中心帕瑞肽应用经验表明,约 60% 的库欣病患者有持续的生化和临床效果。[92]Trementino L, Michetti G, Angeletti A, et al. A single-center 10-year experience with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: patients' characteristics and outcome. Horm Metab Res. 2016 May;48(5):290-8.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-101347http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27127913?tool=bestpractice.com这是一种垂体靶向治疗方法,只能用于由分泌 ACTH 的垂体肿瘤导致皮质醇增多症的患者。[93]Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):914-24.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1105743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397653?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Petersenn S, Fleseriu M. Pituitary-directed medical therapy in Cushing's disease. Pituitary. 2015 Apr;18(2):238-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627118?tool=bestpractice.com
类固醇生成抑制剂(可减少肾上腺皮质类固醇生成的药物,例如酮康唑、[95]Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, et al. Ketoconazole in Cushing's disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;99(5):1623-30.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2013-3628http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471573?tool=bestpractice.com 甲吡酮、米托坦和依托咪酯)可用于库欣综合征的治疗(不过在大部分国家,该药品为“超适应证”使用)。对于无法忍受其他非手术治疗的患者,应考虑使用类固醇生成抑制剂治疗。[64]Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):6348-57.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2003-032180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579802?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Fleseriu M, Castinetti F. Updates on the role of adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing's syndrome: a focus on novel therapies. Pituitary. 2016 Dec;19(6):643-53.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5080363/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600150?tool=bestpractice.com 酮康唑是起效较快的皮质醇生成抑制剂。酮康唑可能引起特发性重度肝损伤与肾上腺功能不全。[95]Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, et al. Ketoconazole in Cushing's disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;99(5):1623-30.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2013-3628http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471573?tool=bestpractice.com[97]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that prescribing of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets for unapproved uses including skin and nail infections continues; linked to patient death. May 2016 [internet publication].http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm500597.htm[98]Fleseriu M, Petersenn S. Medical therapy for Cushing's disease: adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors and glucocorticoid receptor blockers. Pituitary. 2015 Apr;18(2):245-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560275?tool=bestpractice.com类固醇生成抑制剂的使用需要专家指导且肝病患者禁用。如果使用,应在治疗前和治疗期间监测肝脏和肾上腺皮质功能。[97]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that prescribing of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets for unapproved uses including skin and nail infections continues; linked to patient death. May 2016 [internet publication].http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm500597.htm 甲吡酮是快速起效的抑制剂,在美国可作为同情用药进行使用。米托坦起效缓慢、治疗剂量窗窄,[93]Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):914-24.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1105743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397653?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Petersenn S, Fleseriu M. Pituitary-directed medical therapy in Cushing's disease. Pituitary. 2015 Apr;18(2):238-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627118?tool=bestpractice.com依托咪酯起效迅速,必须静脉给药,仅应在紧急情况下使用。类固醇激素合成酶的遗传差异可能解释个体之间对肾上腺阻滞剂的反应差异。[99]Valassi E, Aulinas A, Glad CA, et al. A polymorphism in the CYP17A1 gene influences the therapeutic response to steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Jun 30 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28665508?tool=bestpractice.com
建议使用米非司酮来控制皮质醇增多症。它在受体水平阻滞皮质醇的作用,对于长期存在临床症状和代谢紊乱的皮质醇增多症患者,可考虑使用。美国食品药品监督管理局已批准将米非司酮用于与高血糖相关库欣综合征的治疗。米非司酮可能通过反馈抑制引起皮质醇和 ACTH 水平升高。[100]Fleseriu M, Findling JW, Koch CA, et al. Changes in plasma ACTH levels and corticotroph tumor size in patients with Cushing's disease during long-term treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3718-27.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399272/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013998?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,对于接受米非司酮治疗的患者,不应根据皮质醇水平指导治疗。[101]Fleseriu M, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):2039-49.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2011-3350http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22466348?tool=bestpractice.com
通过传统分割放射疗法或立体定向放射外科治疗实施的放射疗法,超过一半的患者可在 3-5 年内控制皮质醇增多症。[73]Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, et al. Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jul;81(7):2647-52.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem.81.7.8675592http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8675592?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Castinetti F, Nagai M, Dufour H, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Jan;156(1):91-8.http://www.eje-online.org/content/156/1/91.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218730?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Devin JK, Allen GS, Cmelak AJ, et al. The efficacy of linear accelerator radiosurgery in the management of patients with Cushing's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82(5-6):254-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665560?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, et al. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 16;336(3):172-7.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199701163360303#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8988897?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Long-term follow-up of low-dose external pituitary irradiation for Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1990 Oct;33(4):445-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2225489?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Starke RM, Williams BJ, Vance ML, et al. Radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of Cushing's disease: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Aug;17(4):356-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531182?tool=bestpractice.com 最好将垂体放疗作为轻度残余皮质醇增多患者的部分治疗方案,因为其治疗效果要在几年后才能完全显现出来。照射接近视交叉的肿瘤增加损伤视交叉的风险,这一点应在治疗前考虑到。放疗后也会出现垂体功能减退,这是在治疗前需要考虑的另一个风险。常规分割放疗与立体定位性放疗后,垂体机能减退的具体风险尚不清楚,但二者发生的风险相似。
对于再次手术失败的重度皮质醇增多症患者,需要对药物治疗、双侧肾上腺全切术或二者联合进行评估。这些方法可以快速降低皮质醇水平或者抑制皮质醇活性。双侧肾上腺全切术可以快速治疗任何原因导致的内源性皮质醇增多症,但会造成永久性肾上腺功能不全(需要皮质醇和盐皮质激素替代治疗),并且有发生 Nelson 综合征(肾上腺切除术后促肾上腺皮质肿瘤生长)的风险。这一进展可导致由 ACTH 明显升高而引起的色素沉着加深以及因瘤体超出蝶鞍而引发颅内压迫症状。新型腹腔镜肾上腺切除术使得患者恢复更快且耐受性更佳。[107]Neychev V, Steinberg SM, Yang L, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy measured by disease-specific questionnaire in a unique group of patients with Cushing's syndrome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 Dec;22 Suppl 3:S699-706.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25968622?tool=bestpractice.com
对 37 项研究进行的一项 meta 分析(1320 例患者,82% 患库欣病,13% 患异位库欣综合征,5% 患原发性肾上腺皮质增生)表明,双侧肾上腺切除术相对安全且成功率高。[108]Ritzel K, Beuschlein F, Mickisch A, et al. Clinical review: outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;98(10):3939-48.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2013-1470http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956347?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然 3%-34% 的患者因副肾上腺或残余肾上腺仍有皮质醇分泌,但不足 2% 的患者经历库欣综合征复发。双侧肾上腺切除后,皮质醇增多症的症状(如高血压、肥胖或抑郁)在大部分患者中得以改善(7 项研究、195 例患者)。每年每 100 例患者中有 9.3 例发生肾上腺危象,有 21%(0-47)的患者发生 Nelson 综合征。术后第一年高死亡率表明,对行双侧肾上腺切除术患者加强临床护理是十分必要的。
每个患者治疗方案的选择应该个体化,应结合患者个人意见及并发症风险。[109]Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Treatment of Cushing's disease: a mechanistic update. J Endocrinol. 2014 Nov;223(2):R19-39.http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/223/2/R19.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25134660?tool=bestpractice.com
应给予左旋甲状腺素使游离 T4 达到正常范围内,并且处于中值以上水平。促甲状腺激素不应用于指导治疗。应用睾酮治疗使睾酮达到正常水平。使用雌激素替代治疗且有完整子宫的女性,除了接受雌激素替代治疗,还需要服用 10 天的孕激素。关于应用生长激素的决定,需要根据症状、治疗获益和风险状况作出个体化决策。每月进行剂量调整以达到临床疗效(即体能水平、幸福感和去脂体重),并使胰岛素样生长因子 1 (insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1) 水平达到相应年龄正常范围的中等至偏上水平。
调整去氨加压素以控制尿量过多的症状。其使用应基于患者意愿,并定期监测血清钠和症状以评估治疗是否足够。[110]Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov;101(11):3888-921.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2016-2118http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27736313?tool=bestpractice.com