药物治疗
对于 BPH 症状(不论 IPSS 为多少)造成困扰但无需手术的患者,初始治疗应该是药物治疗。有多种药物可供选择,这些药物都适合用于一线治疗,具体应根据患者的特征或症状进行选择。行为调整措施也可能会对此类患者有显著帮助,例如晚餐后避免液体摄入、限制咖啡因类饮料摄入以及避免使用利尿剂或加重尿潴留的药物。
α 受体阻滞剂在数天内起效,通常耐受性良好。[23]Djavan B, Marberger M. A meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol. 1999;36(1):1-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364649?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Fusco F, Palmieri A, Ficarra V, et al. Alpha1-blockers improve benign prostatic obstruction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of urodynamic studies. Eur Urol. 2016 Jun;69(6):1091-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26831507?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,研究显示,接受前列腺特异性 α 受体阻滞剂治疗的男性发生跌倒和骨折的风险显著增高,发生低血压和头部外伤的风险也增高。[25]Welk B, McArthur E, Fraser LA, et al. The risk of fall and fracture with the initiation of a prostate-selective alpha antagonist: a population based cohort study. BMJ. 2015 Oct 26;351:h5398.https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h5398.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26502947?tool=bestpractice.com 射精功能障碍和令人不悦的性功能副作用增加是赛洛多辛使用者较常报告的不良事件,也可见于坦洛新使用者。[26]Russo A, Hedlund P, Montorsi F. Silodosin from bench to bedside: selectivity, safety, and sustained efficacy. Eur Urol Suppl. 2011 Oct;10(6):445-50.https://www.eusupplements.europeanurology.com/article/S1569-9056(11)00063-7/fulltext[27]Jung JH, Kim J, MacDonald R, et al. Silodosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 22;(11):CD012615.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012615.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29161773?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do alpha‐blockers compare for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2010/full显示答案
在前列腺较大、超过 30 g 的患者中,应考虑使用 5α-还原酶抑制剂进行初始治疗,这些抑制剂对较大的前列腺有效,能减小前列腺体积、降低急性尿潴留和需行有创手术的短期风险。[28]McConnell JD, Bruskewitz R, Walsh P, et al. The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 26;338(9):557-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9475762?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Marberger MJ; The PROWESS Study Group. Long-term effects of finasteride in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Urology. 1998 May;51(5):677-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9610579?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:有中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,5-α-还原酶抑制剂在改善症状评分和最大尿流速方面更有效。[30]McNicholas T, Kirby R. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). BMJ Clin Evid. 2011 Aug 26;2011:1801.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217770/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871136?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。它们需要使用几个月才能改善症状。研究显示,对于具有 LUTS 且前列腺较小的患者,使用 5α-还原酶抑制剂非那雄胺的益处并不大于使用安慰剂的。[31]Kaplan SA, Lee JY, Meehan AG, et al. Long-term treatment with finasteride improves clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged versus a smaller prostate: data from the MTOPS trial. J Urol. 2011 Apr;185(4):1369-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334655?tool=bestpractice.com 对于接受单药治疗时症状进展的患者,也可以将 5α-还原酶抑制剂与 α 受体阻滞剂联用,从而进一步改善症状评分。[32]Barkin J, Roehrborn CG, Siami P, et al. Effect of dutasteride, tamsulosin and the combination on patient-reported quality of life and treatment satisfaction in men with moderate-to-severe benign prostatic hyperplasia: 2-year data from the CombAT trial. BJU Int. 2009 Apr;103(7):919-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239460?tool=bestpractice.com[33]McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista O, et al. The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 18;349(25):2387-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14681504?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Roehrborn CG, Siami P, Barkin J, et al. The effects of combination therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin on clinical outcomes in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: 4-year results from the CombAT study. Eur Urol. 2010 Jan;57(1):123-31. [Erratum in: Eur Urol. 2010 Nov;58(5):801.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825505?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Roehrborn CG, Siami P, Barkin J, et al; CombAT Study Group. The effects of dutasteride, tamsulosin and combination therapy on lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic enlargement: 2-year results from the CombAT study. J Urol. 2008 Feb;179(2):616-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18082216?tool=bestpractice.com
磷酸二酯酶-5 (PDE-5) 抑制剂可能改善 LUTS、勃起功能和生活质量,可考虑用于 BPH 和勃起功能障碍并存的患者。[36]Liu L, Zheng S, Han P, et al. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology. 2011 Jan;77(1):123-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195830?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Laydner HK, Oliveira P, Oliveira CR, et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. BJU Int. 2011 Apr;107(7):1104-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20883484?tool=bestpractice.com 对 8 项系统评价数据进行的评估显示,PDE-5 抑制剂可改善 LUTS 和勃起功能,并且对尿流速的影响甚微。[38]Gacci M, Andersson KE, Chapple C, et al. Latest evidence on the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):124-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806655?tool=bestpractice.com 与 α 受体阻滞剂单药相比,PDE-5 抑制剂与 α-阻滞剂联合使用改善了尿流速。[39]Gacci M, Corona G, Salvi M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors alone or in combination with alpha-blockers for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 2012 May;61(5):994-1003.https://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(12)00227-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22405510?tool=bestpractice.com
抗胆碱能治疗可使 LUTS 主要为膀胱刺激症状(例如,尿频和尿急)的男性以及排泄后残留尿量未升高(即,小于 250 mL)的男性受益。[40]Gacci M, Novara G, De Nunzio C, et al. Tolterodine extended release in the treatment of male OAB/storage LUTS: a systematic review. BMC Urol. 2014 Oct 27;(14):84.https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2490-14-84http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25348235?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Gacci M, Sebastianelli A, Spatafora P, et al. Best practice in the management of storage symptoms in male lower urinary tract symptoms: a review of the evidence base. Ther Adv Urol. 2017 Dec 7;10(2):79-92.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1756287217742837http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29434675?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Meta 分析表明,α 受体阻滞剂与抗胆碱能药物联合使用可改善症状,且不会导致排尿功能明显恶化。[42]Kim HJ, Sun HY, Choi H, et al. Efficacy and safety of initial combination treatment of an alpha blocker with an anticholinergic medication in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: updated meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 10;12(1):e0169248.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0169248http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28072862?tool=bestpractice.com
应每 6~12 个月重新评估一次药物治疗及应答。