WHO 诊断标准 (1988)[61]Taslim S, Tai ES. The relevance of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:29-33.http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/38VolNo1Jan2009/V38N1p29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221668?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
胰岛素抵抗的定义为:
2 型糖尿病(即空腹血糖≥126 mg/dL[≥7 mmol/L]),或 2 小时糖负荷后血糖(口服葡萄糖耐量试验)≥200 mg/dL[≥11.1 mol/L]),或
空腹血糖受损(即,>100 mg/dL[≥5.6 mmol/L])或
糖耐量受损(即,葡萄糖<200 mg/dL[<11.1 mmol/L]和口服糖耐量试验后>140 mg/dL[≥7.8 mmol/L],或
对那些空腹血糖水平正常者,葡萄糖摄取低于高胰岛素血症和用糖条件下的背景人群的最低四分位数。
加上下列 2 条:
腹型肥胖(腰臀比男性>0.9 或女性>0.85,或 BMI>30 kg/m^2)
甘油三酯≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) 和/或 HDL-C 男性<40 mg/dL (<1.04 mmol/L),女性<50 mg/dL (<1.29 mmol/L)
血压≥140/90 mmHg
尿白蛋白清除增加(尿白蛋白清除率大≥20µg/min 或白蛋白/肌酐比值≥30 mg/g)。
欧洲胰岛素抵抗研究组 (European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance) 诊断标准 (1999)[61]Taslim S, Tai ES. The relevance of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:29-33.http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/38VolNo1Jan2009/V38N1p29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221668?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
血浆胰岛素水平高于非糖尿病患者中的第 75 百分位数,加上下列 2 项即可诊断代谢综合征:
腰围男性≥94 cm(37 英寸),女性≥80 cm(31 英寸)
甘油三酯≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) 和/或男性或女性 HDL-C<39 mg/dL (<1.01 mmol/L)
血压≥140/90 mmHg 或服用降压药物治疗
空腹血糖 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L) 或更高。
国家胆固醇教育项目成人治疗组 III(National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, NCEP/ATP III)诊断标准 (2001)[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Taslim S, Tai ES. The relevance of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:29-33.http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/38VolNo1Jan2009/V38N1p29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221668?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
下列任意三项即可诊断代谢综合征:
男性腰围>102 cm(40 英寸),女性>88 cm(35 英寸)
甘油三酯≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
HDL-C 男性<40 mg/dL (<1.04 mmol/L),女性<50 mg/dL (<1.29 mmol/L)
血压≥130/85 mmHg
空腹血糖 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L) 或更高。
美国临床内分泌协会 (American Association of Clinical Endocrinology) 诊断标准 (2003)[61]Taslim S, Tai ES. The relevance of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:29-33.http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/38VolNo1Jan2009/V38N1p29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221668?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
葡萄糖耐量受损或空腹葡萄糖受损加上下列任何一项结合临床判断即可诊断代谢综合征:
国际糖尿病联盟 (International Diabetes Federation, IDF) 诊断标准 (2005)[61]Taslim S, Tai ES. The relevance of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:29-33.http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/38VolNo1Jan2009/V38N1p29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221668?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome: a new world-wide definition. Diabet Med. 2006;23:469-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681555?tool=bestpractice.com
向心性肥胖(根据腰围确定,但如果 BMI>30 kg/m^2,则可直接假定)且有种族特异性的数值,加上下列 2 项,即可诊断为代谢综合征:
甘油三酯≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
男性HDL-C <40 mg/dL (<1.04 mmol/L),女性<50 mg/dL (<1.29 mmol/L)
血压≥130/85 mmHg
空腹血糖≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
为符合诊断标准,腰围必须是:对于欧洲人,男性>94 cm(>37 英寸),女性>80 cm(>31 英寸);对于南亚、中国和日本人,男性>90 cm(>35 英寸),女性>80 cm(>31 英寸)。对南美及中部美洲人种,使用南亚人的数据,对撒哈拉沙漠以南和地中海东部以及中东(阿拉伯)地区人群,可使用欧洲人的数据。[63]Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome: a new world-wide definition. Diabet Med. 2006;23:469-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681555?tool=bestpractice.com
美国心脏协会/美国国家心、肺和血液研究所 (American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, AHA/NHLBI) 诊断标准 (2005)[61]Taslim S, Tai ES. The relevance of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:29-33.http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/38VolNo1Jan2009/V38N1p29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221668?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
下列任意3项即可诊断代谢综合征:
男性腰围≥102 cm(40 英寸),女性≥88 cm(35 英寸)
甘油三酯≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
男性HDL-C <40 mg/dL (<1.04 mmol/L),女性<50 mg/dL (<1.29 mmol/L)
血压≥130/85 mmHg
空腹血糖≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
共识定义(结合 IDF 和 AHA/NHLBI 定义)[64]Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640-1645.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/120/16/1640.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805654?tool=bestpractice.com
下列任意三项即可诊断代谢综合征:
腰围增加(人群及国家特异性定义)
甘油三酯≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL)
男性HDL-C <1.04 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL),女性<1.29 mmol/L (<50 mg/dL)
血压≥130/85 mmHg
空腹血糖≥5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)。
定义推荐 IDF 的截点值可用于非欧洲人;IDF 或 AHA/NHLBI 任一标准截点值可用于欧裔人群,直到得到更多数据。[64]Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640-1645.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/120/16/1640.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805654?tool=bestpractice.com
一项针对希腊(地中海)人群的横断面研究比较了新共识定义标准和 NCEP/ATP III 标准、IDF 标准及 AHA/NHLBI 标准等不同代谢综合征诊断标准下,代谢综合征患者的心血管疾病患病率。当根据新的共识定义标准进行诊断时,地中海人群队列的代谢综合征患病率非常高(近乎一半的成年人群)。然而,其在识别心血管疾病高危人群中的作用则存在局限。NCEP-ATP-III 和 AHA/NHLBI 定义则对心血管疾病风险更具有预测价值。[65]Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Tziomalos K, et al. Comparison of four definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a Greek (Mediterranean) population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:713-719.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20078335?tool=bestpractice.com