由于尚无已知的常见潜在发病机制统一解释所有代谢综合征的组成,尚不清楚这种综合征是否能够通过本身进行治疗。因此必须分别关注对该疾病每个具体特征的治疗,总体目标是降低心血管疾病 (CVD) 和 2 型糖尿病的风险。减少过度肥胖及其导致的胰岛素抵抗是最可靠的统一治疗方法。
生活方式改变
强化生活方式改变及适度的减肥是一种行之有效的治疗策略。这一方法能够使代谢综合征的患病率下降约 40%。[66]Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindström J, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:805-807.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/4/805.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184907?tool=bestpractice.com代谢综合征的减少:有高质量证据表明,强化生活方式干预并适当减轻体重能够降低代谢综合征的发生率约 40%。[66]Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindström J, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:805-807.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/4/805.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184907?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。减重对代谢综合征的各个特征均有有利影响。它能够降低血压,升高 HDL-C,降低甘油三酯和血糖水平,并改善胰岛素抵抗。[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com对超重/肥胖患者而言,首要目标是减轻总体重的 10%,次要目标是使 BMI 达到正常水平(即<25 kg/m^2)。[14]Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:399-404.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/92/2/399.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284640?tool=bestpractice.com可以通过饮食干预和活动锻炼来达到这一目标。
饮食:
代谢综合征患者可通过低饱和脂肪、高不饱和脂肪、高复合非限制性碳水化合物、高纤维(10-25 g/天)、低添加糖和钠饮食(限制在 65-100 mmol/天)中获得良好结局,因为钠离子与高血压相关。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:399-404.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/92/2/399.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284640?tool=bestpractice.com[67]American Diabetes Association. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:202-212.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/1/202.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772917?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Johnson AG, Nguyen TV, Davis D. Blood pressure is linked to salt intake and modulated by the angiotensinogen gene in normotensive and hypertensive elderly subjects. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1053-1060.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11403353?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296-308.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/47/2/296.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434724?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Chen J, Gu D, Huang J, et al. Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet. 2009;373:829-835.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223069?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Bunn D, et al. Effects of total fat intake on body weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD011834.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011834/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250104?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of reduced total fat intake on body weight/fat and cardiovascular measures in adults not intending to lose weight?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.965/full显示答案
增加纤维摄入量可降低总胆固醇和 LDL 胆固醇以及舒张压。[72]Hartley L, May MD, Loveman E, et al. Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(1):CD011472.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011472.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758499?tool=bestpractice.com
碳水化合物应该构成 40% 至 65% 的总卡路里摄入,是因为低碳水化合物饮食与心血管疾病和 2 型糖尿病的发生率降低有关。[73]Harber MP, Schenk S, Barkan AL, et al. Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in response to short-term dietary carbohydrate restriction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;289:E306-E312.http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/E306http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15797987?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, et al. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1991-2002.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055317#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17093250?tool=bestpractice.com对除肾脏病外的所有患者,蛋白质应该占 10%-35%。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com
脂肪应该占总卡路里摄入的 20%-35%,其中,饱和脂肪必须减少至<7%,反式脂肪酸<1%,总胆固醇<200 mg/天。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:399-404.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/92/2/399.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284640?tool=bestpractice.com[67]American Diabetes Association. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:202-212.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/1/202.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772917?tool=bestpractice.com
应当食用那些植物来源的单不饱和脂肪,包括橄榄油和大豆油,因为它们对致动脉粥样硬化性血脂异常有益。同样地,n-3-多不饱和脂肪酸(主要来自于鱼类)应该占卡路里摄入的 10%,因为它们具有心血管保护作用。[67]American Diabetes Association. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:202-212.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/1/202.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772917?tool=bestpractice.com
地中海式饮食即富含纤维、单不饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪(ω-6 脂肪酸/ω-3 脂肪酸比例低),低动物蛋白,且以水果、蔬菜、鱼类、坚果、全谷物及橄榄油为主,似乎可有效地降低代谢综合征及相关心血管疾病的患病率。[51]Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1440-1446.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=199488http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383514?tool=bestpractice.comReduction in cardiovascular risk: there is good-quality evidence that increasing fruit and vegetable intake leads to a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk.系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。它也能够降低发生糖尿病的风险,尤其在合并心血管疾病高风险的患者中。[75]Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Estruch R, et al. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:1-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24573661?tool=bestpractice.com
多糖聚合物 X (PolyGlycopleX, PGX) 是一种粘性、功能性的多聚糖,已被证明对改善成人代谢综合征的血脂及血糖异常具有促进作用。[76]Reimer RA, Yamaguchi H, Eller LK, et al. Changes in visceral adiposity and serum cholesterol with a novel viscous polysaccharide in Japanese adults with abdominal obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:E379-E387.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20435/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512917?tool=bestpractice.com
低葡萄糖负荷 (low-glycaemic load, LGL) 和低脂肪饮食均能够减轻体重和缓解代谢紊乱,但低葡萄糖负荷饮食更适用于代谢综合征人群。[77]Klemsdal TO, Holme I, Nerland H, et al. Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20:195-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502017?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(suppl 7):S44-S54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23035144?tool=bestpractice.com
含糖饮料中的热量会增加热量的摄入。含糖饮料可增加血浆甘油三酯,该增加似乎源于果糖而非葡萄糖。[79]Bray GA. Fructose and risk of cardiometabolic disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14:570-578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22949106?tool=bestpractice.com
关于坚持有意义的生活方式改变的最佳策略,一项 meta 分析显示,采取以团队为基础的互动方法,高频率联系有积极性的患者,对体重管理的影响最大且最持久。[80]Bassi N, Karagodin I, Wang S, et al. Lifestyle modification for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2014;127:1242.e1-e10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25004456?tool=bestpractice.com
活动锻炼:
大量证据表明,常规中到剧烈的活动锻炼能够预防代谢综合征,且活动强度越大,带来的收益越大。[35]Yung LM, Laher I, Yao X, et al. Exercise, vascular wall and cardiovascular diseases: an update (part 2). Sports Med. 2009;39:45-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19093695?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Chen J, Gu D, Huang J, et al. Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet. 2009;373:829-835.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223069?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, et al. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the community preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:437-451.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4692590/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167912?tool=bestpractice.com
运动除了有助于减肥的效果外,更能选择性地去除腹部脂肪。特别是,有氧运动似乎对内脏肥胖具有剂量-效应作用。[82]Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:591-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856799?tool=bestpractice.com
每天标准的活动锻炼推荐为至少 30 分钟中至剧烈的活动锻炼,例如快走。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:399-404.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/92/2/399.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284640?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Thompson PD, Buchner D, Piña IL, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation. 2003;107:3109-3116.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/24/3109.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821592?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Hordern MD, Dunstan DW, Prins JB, et al. Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: a position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15:25-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621458?tool=bestpractice.com
在儿童中,饮食和运动干预也对代谢性风险的降低具有显著作用。[85]Ho M, Garnett SP, Baur LA, et al. Impact of dietary and exercise interventions on weight change and metabolic outcomes in obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:759-768.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23778747?tool=bestpractice.com
并且,在风险增加的人群中,用于预防 2 型糖尿病的饮食和体育运动促进项目也具有成本效益。[86]Li R, Qu S, Zhang P, et al. Economic evaluation of combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:452-460.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2395730http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167962?tool=bestpractice.com
除上述内容之外,代谢综合征患者需强制戒烟。[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/4/551.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757684?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
减轻体重的药物和手术干预
减重药物:
美国国立卫生研究院 (National Institutes of Health, NIH) 肥胖指南推荐,BMI≥30 kg/m^2 或 BMI≥27 kg/m^2 并出现过度肥胖相关共病时考虑减肥药物治疗。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com
奥利司他通过与胰腺脂肪酶结合来减少脂肪吸收,能部分抑制甘油三酯水解成可吸收游离脂肪酸和单酰甘油。[82]Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:591-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856799?tool=bestpractice.com与安慰剂比较,这可以导致显著的体重减轻,但停药后体重反弹。[87]Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281:235-242.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=188381http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9918478?tool=bestpractice.com减重:有高质量的证据表明,奥利司他与安慰剂相比能导致显著的体重减轻,如果一旦服药终止,体重便会反弹。[87]Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281:235-242.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=188381http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9918478?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。在代谢综合征和 2 型糖尿病患者中,奥利司他联合低卡路里饮食对几个心血管危险因素具有积极作用,包括血压和空腹血糖、甘油三酯、LDL-C 水平。[88]Didangelos TP, Thanopoulou AK, Bousboulas SH, et al. The ORLIstat and CArdiovascular risk profile in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 DIAbetes (ORLICARDIA) Study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1393-1401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383188?tool=bestpractice.com心血管风险的降低:有高质量的证据表明,在代谢综合征合并 2 型糖尿病患者中,奥司利他联合低卡路里饮食,对心血管危险因素包括血压、空腹血糖、甘油三酯和 LDL-C水平产生有利结果。[88]Didangelos TP, Thanopoulou AK, Bousboulas SH, et al. The ORLIstat and CArdiovascular risk profile in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 DIAbetes (ORLICARDIA) Study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1393-1401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383188?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。与安慰剂和单纯生活方式改变相比,奥利司他联合生活方式干预可降低高危患者 2 型糖尿病发病率达 37%。[89]Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, et al. XENical in the prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:155-161.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/1/155.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14693982?tool=bestpractice.com2 型糖尿病的减少:有高质量的证据表明,与安慰剂和单纯生活方式干预相比,奥利司他加上生活方式干预在高危患者中能够降低 2 型糖尿病的发生率 37%。[89]Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, et al. XENical in the prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:155-161.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/1/155.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14693982?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
而之前推荐的西布曲明,欧洲药物机构 (European Medicines Agency, EMA) 在 2010 年 1 月由于其安全性问题延缓了其在欧盟的上市许可。[90]European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisation for subutramine. January 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 19 August 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/01/news_detail_000985.jsp&murl=menus/news_and_events/news_and_events.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
减重手术:
NIH 建立了关于病态肥胖外科治疗的指南。根据这些指南,BMI≥40 kg/m^2 的患者或≥35 kg/m^2 且有明显共病的患者,应该考虑接受减重手术。[91]NIH Consensus Development Conference Panel. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:956-961.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1952493?tool=bestpractice.com
手术方式包括:胃束带术、胃旁路术(主要是 Roux-en-Y)、胃成形术(主要是垂直束带胃成形术)、胆胰分流术、胆肠旁路术、回肠胃造口术以及空回肠旁路术。
减重手术能够显著地改善代谢综合征的所有组成,可致术后体重显著下降(根据术式 20%-32%),与保守治疗相比减少总死亡率。[92]Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:1724-1737.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479938?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 23;357(8):741-52.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa066254#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715408?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, et al. Cardiovascular benefits of bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients. Obes Rev. 2011;12:515-524.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00831.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348922?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Kasama K, Mui W, Lee WJ, et al. IFSO-APC consensus statements 2011. Obes Surg. 2012;22:677-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367008?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Fuller NR, Pearson S, Lau NS, et al. An intragastric balloon in the treatment of obese individuals with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1561-1570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512773?tool=bestpractice.com代谢综合征的减少:有高质量的证据表明,减重手术能够显著地改善代谢综合征的所有组成,并与术后明显的体重减轻相关(20%-32%,根据不同术式),与保守治疗相比,降低总体死亡率。[92]Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:1724-1737.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479938?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 23;357(8):741-52.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa066254#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715408?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
一项 meta 分析发现,在病态肥胖受试者中,与饮食和/或体育运动或抗糖尿病药物相比,减肥手术是预防 2 型糖尿病的最有效策略。[97]Merlotti C, Morabito A, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of type 2 diabetes; a systematic review and meta-analysis of different intervention strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16:719-727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476122?tool=bestpractice.com
胰岛素抵抗和高血糖的治疗
除了通过饮食和活动锻炼减轻体重之外,药物可进一步减轻代谢综合征及新发 2 型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗。值得注意的是,尚没有正式批准任何药物用于提高胰岛素敏感性,也没有得出确切结论显示,这些药物是否可以预防糖耐量受损患者进展为 2 型糖尿病。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com
二甲双胍:
这一胰岛素增敏剂已长期用于 2 型糖尿病的治疗。[15]Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/4/551.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757684?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome: a new world-wide definition. Diabet Med. 2006;23:469-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681555?tool=bestpractice.com
它已被证实可减缓糖耐量受损患者进展为 2 型糖尿病,[98]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012512#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com2 型糖尿病的减少:有高质量证据表明,二甲双胍减少糖耐量异常患者进展至 2 型糖尿病的数量。[98]Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012512#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。并且在英国前瞻性糖尿病研究中 (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, UKPDS),对合并 2 型糖尿病的肥胖患者,它能够减少新发心血管疾病的发生。[99]Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577-1589.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784090?tool=bestpractice.com心血管风险的降低:有高质量证据表明,二甲双胍在肥胖合并 2 型糖尿病患者中减少新发心血管疾病的发展。[99]Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577-1589.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784090?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,没有关于代谢综合征患者接受二甲双胍治疗后的心血管终点事件研究。
噻唑烷二酮:
这些过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)激动剂改善 2 型糖尿病患者的组织胰岛素敏感性,从而降低空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白水平。[100]Schindler C. The metabolic syndrome as an endocrine disease: is there an effective pharmacotherapeutic strategy optimally targeting the pathogenesis? Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;1:7-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124392?tool=bestpractice.com
两种已上市的噻唑烷二酮类药物(罗格列酮和吡格列酮)对血糖控制、胰岛素敏感性和胰岛素分泌具有相似的益处。[101]Miyazaki Y, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone similarly improve insulin sensitivity and secretion, glucose tolerance and adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:1204-1211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18476983?tool=bestpractice.com
吡格列酮似乎较罗格列酮对血浆血脂益处更大。[101]Miyazaki Y, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone similarly improve insulin sensitivity and secretion, glucose tolerance and adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:1204-1211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18476983?tool=bestpractice.com在前瞻性吡格列酮大血管事件临床试验研究 (PROACTIVE) 中,与安慰剂相比,吡格列酮能够显著降低 2 型糖尿病患者的死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和卒中的风险,除用于糖尿病和心血管疾病二级预防的其他药物之外,可以减少大血管疾病征象。[102]Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279-1289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214598?tool=bestpractice.com心血管风险的降低:有高质量证据表明,吡格列酮与安慰剂相比在 2 型糖尿病患者中显著降低死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和卒中的风险,除用于糖尿病和心血管疾病二级预防的其他药物之外,还可减少大血管疾病的征象。[102]Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279-1289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214598?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
而罗格列酮显著增加心肌梗死及心血管疾病死亡的风险。[103]Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-2471.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa072761#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517853?tool=bestpractice.com这减少了其在 2 型糖尿病中的应用,并且罗格列酮已被美国糖尿病协会 (American Diabetes Association) 和欧洲糖尿病研究协会 (European Association for the Study of Diabetes) 从其制定的治疗流程中移除。[104]Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:17-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941734?tool=bestpractice.com由于增加的心血管疾病风险,欧洲药物机构 (EMA) 延缓了含有罗格列酮药物的上市许可。[105]European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers on the suspension of rosiglitazone-containing medicines (Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim). September 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 19 August 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Medicine_QA/2010/09/WC500097003.pdf
血脂异常的治疗
LDL-C 是降胆固醇治疗的主要目标。[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Athyros VG, Elisaf MS, Alexandrides T, et al. Long-term impact of multifactorial treatment on new-onset diabetes and related cardiovascular events in metabolic syndrome: a post hoc ATTEMPT analysis. Angiology. 2012;63:358-366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22007026?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Athyros VG, Ganotakis E, Kolovou GD, et al. Assessing the treatment effect in metabolic syndrome without perceptible diabetes (ATTEMPT): a prospective-randomized study in middle aged men and women. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9:647-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21476961?tool=bestpractice.com已有假设认为,LDL-C 每下降 10% 或 HDL-C 每升高 10%,心血管疾病风险即下降 11%。[108]Zhao XQ, Krasuski RA, Baer J, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy on coronary stenosis progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease patients with metabolic syndrome: a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS). Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1457-1464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932775?tool=bestpractice.com启动针对 LDL-C 的治疗取决于基于存在危险因素数目和 Framingham 评分的冠心病绝对风险。[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com主要的危险因素包括:吸烟、高血压(BP≥140/90 mmHg 或正在接受降压药物治疗)、低 HDL-C (<1.04 mmol/L[(40 mg/dL])、早发冠心病家族史(冠心病发病男性一级亲属<55 岁;女性一级亲属<65 岁)和年龄(男性≥45 岁;女性≥55 岁)。冠心病的等危症包括:非冠脉形式的动脉粥样硬化性疾病的临床表现(外周动脉疾病、腹主动脉瘤、颈动脉疾病[TIA 或颈动脉源性的脑血管意外或颈动脉阻塞>50%])、糖尿病以及合并 2 项及以上危险因素且 10 年冠心病风险>20%。
对于低危患者(没有或出现 1 个主要危险因素,根据 Framingham 分数预估的 10 年冠心病风险<10%),LDL-C 的目标值为<4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL)。
对于中危患者(出现 2 个及以上危险因素,预估的 10 年冠心病风险<10%),LDL-C 的目标值为<3.367 mmol/L (130 mg/dL)。
对于中高危患者(出现 2 个及以上危险因素,预估的 10 年冠心病风险在 10%-20% 之间),LDL-C 目标值为<3.36 mmol/L (130 mg/dL),视情况可<2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)。
对于高危患者(出现冠心病或等危共病,如非冠脉形式的临床动脉粥样硬化性疾病、糖尿病以及多重(≥2 个)冠心病危险因素且预估的 10 年冠心病风险>20%),[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:399-404.http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/92/2/399.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284640?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Mertz CN, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-239.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/2/227.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249516?tool=bestpractice.comLDL-C 的目标值为<2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dL),当同时出现冠心病和糖尿病时,视情况可<1.81 mmol/L (70 mg/dL)。
这些推荐是基于 2004 年发表的国家胆固醇教育项目关于成人高胆固醇检测、评估和治疗的专家组意见 (National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults)。然而,2011 年发表的欧洲心脏协会 (ESC) 血脂异常管理工作组和欧洲动脉粥样硬化协会 (EAS) 所推荐的 LDL-C 胆固醇目标值甚至更低。[110]Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, et al; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1769-1818.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/14/1769.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21712404?tool=bestpractice.com尤其是:
对于心血管风险极高的患者(已出现心血管疾病、2 型糖尿病、1 型糖尿病合并靶器官损伤、中重度慢性肾脏疾病或评分≥10%),LDL-C 的目标值为<1.81 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL),或当目标值无法达到时,降幅≥50%。
对于心血管风险高危患者(单个危险因素明显升高,评分 5%-10%),应考虑 LDL-C目标值为<2.59 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL)。
对于中危人群(评分>1% 以及≥5%),应考虑 LDL-C目标值为<2.98 mmol/L (<115 mg/dL)。
在合并血脂异常、糖尿病、代谢综合征或慢性肾脏疾病时,应将非 HDL-C 考虑为次要目标。
2013 年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会关于治疗高胆固醇血症以降低动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险指南与既往指南有所不同,它们从根据心血管疾病风险设定特定的 LDL-C 目标转为针对 3 种不同心血管风险水平的 LDL-C百分比下降。尤其是对于心血管疾病高危患者,如存在临床心血管疾病者,推荐使用大剂量强效他汀类药物,使 LDL-C 下降≥50%。对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病中高危患者(即无临床心血管疾病,但 10 年风险≥7.5%),推荐 LDL-C 下降 30%-50%;而推荐 10 年动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病风险 5.0%-7.4% 者应用适当剂量的中等效能他汀类药物使 LDL-C 下降<30%。这些指南建议在启动他汀类药物治疗前,进行肌肉症状的检查,测定血清转氨酶水平,不推荐进一步监测肝功能水平。[111]Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S1-S45.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7ahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222016?tool=bestpractice.com值得注意的是,指南和风险计算法仍在一般考虑中,需由其他组织或指南制定者进行讨论。
降胆固醇治疗的次要目标是非 HDL-C。[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com当甘油三酯水平≥2.3 mmol/L (200 mg/dL),LDL-C 达到目标值时,目标则应该是降低非 HDL-C 至 0.78 mmol/L (30 mg/dL),高于 LDL-C。
多种降脂药物可用。
他汀类(HMG 辅酶 A 还原酶抑制剂)是主要的降 LDL-C药物,根据剂量和特定种类,降 LDL-C幅度可达 25% 至 45%。低危患者冠心病的减少:有中等质量证据表明,在合并冠心病低风险的人群中,与单纯降胆固醇饮食相比,额外加用普伐他汀能有效降低 10 年总冠心病的发生率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。高危患者心血管事件的减少:有低质量证据表明,与安慰剂或常规治疗相比,他汀类能有效地降低 4.3 年主要冠脉和颅内血管事件,并且起始基线风险更高,绝对获益成比例增加。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。他汀也能增加 5% 至 10% 的 HDL-C 以及降低 7% 至 30% 的甘油三酯。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004;109:551-556.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/4/551.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757684?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com除了降脂之外,还有其他作用,包括调节内皮功能、稳定斑块及抗炎和抗血栓形成作用,这可以进一步降低该类药物相关的心血管疾病风险。[87]Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281:235-242.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=188381http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9918478?tool=bestpractice.com无论在 IFG 还是 IGT 合并代谢综合征的患者中,均可见这类多效性作用。[112]Krysiak R, Gdula-Dymek A, Bachowski R, et al. Pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin and fenofibrate in metabolic syndrome and different types of pre-diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2266-2270.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/10/2266.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587704?tool=bestpractice.com
如果 LDL-C目标值没有达到,可在他汀类药物中加用其他降脂药物。要根据个体患者的血脂水平来选择降脂药物。
依折麦布联用他汀类十分有效,它通过抑制胆固醇吸收起作用,平均降低 LDL-C 20% 至 30%。[113]Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1092-1097.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423709?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Conard S, Bays H, Leiter LA, et al. Ezetimibe added to atorvastatin compared with doubling the atorvastatin dose in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome or neither. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:210-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151997?tool=bestpractice.comLDL-C 的降低:有高质量证据表明,依折麦布能平均降低 LDL-C达 20%-30%。[113]Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1092-1097.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423709?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
胆汁酸螯合剂(诸如考来维纶)也能够有效地降低 15% 至 30% 的 LDL-C,但成功的治疗需要患者有毅力和自律性来坚持混合这些药物的粒状粉末。[115]Turley SD, Dietschy JM. The intestinal absorption of biliary and dietary cholesterol as a drug target for lowering the plasma cholesterol level. Prev Cardiol. 2003;6:29-33, 64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624559?tool=bestpractice.comLDL-C 的降低:有高质量证据表明,胆汁酸螯合剂能有效降低 LDL-C达 15%-30%。[115]Turley SD, Dietschy JM. The intestinal absorption of biliary and dietary cholesterol as a drug target for lowering the plasma cholesterol level. Prev Cardiol. 2003;6:29-33, 64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624559?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和阿托伐他汀联用,考来维纶能降低 25% 的 LDL-C[116]Hunninghake D, Insull W Jr, Toth P, et al. Coadministration of colesevelam hydrochloride with atorvastatin lowers LDL cholesterol additively. Atherosclerosis. 2001;158:407-416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11583720?tool=bestpractice.comLDL-C 的降低:有高质量证据表明,考来维纶联合阿托伐他汀能降低 LDL-C约 25%。[116]Hunninghake D, Insull W Jr, Toth P, et al. Coadministration of colesevelam hydrochloride with atorvastatin lowers LDL cholesterol additively. Atherosclerosis. 2001;158:407-416.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11583720?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
贝特类药物激活 PPAR-α,这是一种核受体蛋白,可以影响参与细胞增殖、细胞分化、免疫和炎症反应的靶基因表达。最常用的贝特类为非诺贝特和吉非罗齐。[117]Backes JM, Gibson CA, Ruisinger JF, et al. Fibrates: what have we learned in the past 40 years? Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:412-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17316152?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2597-2604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456232?tool=bestpractice.com他们能够降低 25% 至 50% 的甘油三酯水平,降低多达 30% 的 LDL-C水平(尽管在低 HDL-C 和高甘油三酯的患者中可能有所增加),增加 5%-15% 的 HDL-C 水平。甘油三酯的降低能引起小而密的 LDL-C颗粒转变成更多正常大小的颗粒。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com当 LDL-C得到控制后,贝特类是最有效的降低甘油三酯和增加 HDL-C 的药物。贝特类(尤其是吉非罗齐)能在合并致动脉粥样硬化性血脂异常和代谢综合征的患者中减少心血管疾病终点事件。[101]Miyazaki Y, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone similarly improve insulin sensitivity and secretion, glucose tolerance and adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:1204-1211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18476983?tool=bestpractice.com中危患者心血管事件的减少:有高质量证据表明,在冠心病中等风险人群中,与安慰剂相比,吉非罗齐能有效减少5 年冠心病事件。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸(尤其是二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸)在降低甘油三酯方面特别有效,降幅可达 20% 至 40%,尽管他们会提高 5%-10% 的 LDL-C,且对 HDL-C 没有作用。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一项 meta 分析却无法证实 ω-3 脂肪酸能够减少心血管疾病事件。[119]Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, et al. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308:1024-1033.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968891?tool=bestpractice.com
烟酸(尼克酸)是降低甘油三酯和非 HDL-C 的另一选择。这类药物可以单药治疗或是和降 LDL-C药物联用。[120]Fazio S, Guyton JR, Lin J, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended-release niacin in hyperlipidaemic patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:983-993.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20880345?tool=bestpractice.com它是升高 HDL-C 水平最强效的药物,可升高 5%-15%,并能增加 HDL-C 的颗粒大小。[121]Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Baksh RI, et al. Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1432-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804729?tool=bestpractice.comHDL-C 的增加:有高质量证据表明,烟酸(尼克酸)能增加 HDL-C 水平达 5%-15%,并增加 HDL-C 颗粒的大小。[121]Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Baksh RI, et al. Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:1432-1436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804729?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。它也是唯一可以降低糖尿病患者人群脂蛋白 (a) 的药物。[122]Pan J, Lin M, Kesala RL, et al. Niacin treatment of the atherogenic lipid profile and Lp(a) in diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2002;4:255-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099974?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Bays HE, Shah A, Lin J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of extended-release niacin/laropiprant in dyslipidemic patients with metabolic syndrome. J Clin Lipidol. 2010;4:515-521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21122699?tool=bestpractice.com脂蛋白 a 的降低:有高质量证据表明,烟酸(尼克酸)能降低糖尿病患者的脂蛋白 a 水平。[122]Pan J, Lin M, Kesala RL, et al. Niacin treatment of the atherogenic lipid profile and Lp(a) in diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2002;4:255-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099974?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。一些不良反应(例如面色潮红及高血糖)限制其使用。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com尽管在 HPS2-THRIVE 试验中,烟酸治疗在高风险患者中无明显获益且不良事件发生率升高,[124]HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1279-1291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640201/pdf/eht055.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23444397?tool=bestpractice.com但一项 meta 分析发现,使用烟酸类药物与心血管疾病事件和主要冠心病事件的显著降低有关。[125]Lavigne PM, Karas RH. The current state of niacin in cardiovascular disease prevention: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:440-446.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109712055234http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23265337?tool=bestpractice.com
植物甾醇和固醇作为各种各样乳制品(如人造黄油和酸奶等)的添加剂与他汀类联用对 LDL-C有微弱效果。[126]Plat J, van Onselen EN, van Heugten MM, et al. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:671-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11002377?tool=bestpractice.comLDL-C 的降低:有高质量证据表明,人造黄油和起酥油富含植物甾醇酯,能适当降低 LDL-C水平。[126]Plat J, van Onselen EN, van Heugten MM, et al. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:671-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11002377?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。在所有这些研究中,平均每天使用 2.15 g 植物固醇(植物甾醇),可使 LDL-C 平均降低 9%。每日大约摄入 2 g 甾烷醇为降低 LDL-C 的最优选择。剂量更大并不能进一步降低血清 LDL 水平。[126]Plat J, van Onselen EN, van Heugten MM, et al. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:671-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11002377?tool=bestpractice.com
CK 和转氨酶可能因降脂药物升高,尤其是他汀类和贝特类药物,应加以监测。因此当他汀类和贝特类药物联用时应该当心。
治疗高血压
对合并冠心病、糖尿病或慢性肾脏疾病的患者,目标血压为<130/80 mmHg,而没有这些共病的患者目标为<140/90 mmHg。糖尿病患者心血管风险和死亡率的降低:有高质量证据表明,强化血压目标能降低心血管事件和总死亡率,尽管没有随机对照试验将收缩压目标定为低于 150 mmHg,舒张压低于 75 mmHg。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如果这些目标无法通过生活方式调整达到,需要进行降压药物治疗。
尽管对代谢综合征而言,没有哪一种降压药物特别有效,但倾向于使用 ACEI 或血管紧张素 II 受体抑制剂,尤其在出现 2 型糖尿病或慢性肾脏疾病的患者中,因为这类药物能显著降低蛋白尿的发生率并延缓其向肾脏病变的进展。[4]Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971485?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/3/433.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744958?tool=bestpractice.com
小剂量阿司匹林
由于代谢综合征被认为是一种血栓前期和炎症前期状态,故推荐高危或中高危患者(10 年冠心病风险≥10%)使用低剂量的的阿司匹林。[2]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/106/25/3143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com对于更低危的患者,必须权衡阿司匹林的获益及带来的出血风险。