伤寒感染

Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:346-353.

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Schwartz E, Shlim DR, Eaton M, et al. The effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A among foreigners in Nepal. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:349-351.

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Ochiai RL, Wang X, von Seidlein L, et al. Salmonella paratyphi A rates, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1764-1766.

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Engels EA, Falagas ME, Lau J, et al. Typhoid fever vaccines: a meta-analysis of studies on efficacy and toxicity. BMJ. 1998;316:110-116.

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Frenck RW Jr, Nakhla I, Sultan Y, et al. Azithromycin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1134-1138.

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1.  World Health Organization. Typhoid. April 2015. [internet publication]

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2.  DeRoeck D, Jodar L, Clemens J. Putting typhoid vaccination on the global health agenda. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1069-1071.

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3.  Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, et al. Typhoid fever. Lancet. 2015 Mar 21;385(9973):1136-45.

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4.  Lin FY, Vo HA, Phan VB, et al. The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:644-648.

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5.  Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R, et al. Typhoid fever in children less than 5 years. Lancet. 1999;354:734-737.

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6.  Ivanoff B, Levine MM, Lambert PH. Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status. Bull World Health Organ. 1994:72:957-971.

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7.  Mermin JH, Townes JM, Gerber M, et al. Typhoid fever in the United States, 1985-1994: changing risks of international travel and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:633-638.

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8.  Taylor DN, Pollard RA, Blake PA. Typhoid in the United States and the risk to the international traveler. J Infect Dis. 1983;148:599-602.

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9.  Ryan CA, Hargrett-Bean NT, Blake PA. Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1975-1984: increasing role of foreign travel. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:1-8.

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10.  Meltzer E, Yossepowitch O, Sadik C, et al. Epidemiology and clinical aspects of enteric fever in Israel. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:540-545.

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11.  Lester A, Mygind O, Jensen KT, et al. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Denmark 1986-1990: epidemiologic aspects and the extent of bacteriological follow-up of patients. Ugeskr Laeger. 1994;156:3770-3775.

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12.  Yew FS, Goh KT, Lim YS. Epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;110:63-70.

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13.  Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:346-353.

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14.  Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, et al. Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1101-1104.

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15.  Lighton LL. Follow up in north west England of cases of enteric fever acquired abroad, April 1996 to March 1998. Commun Dis Public Health. 1999;2:145-146.

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16.  UK Department of Health. Typhoid. In: Salisbury DM, Begg NT, eds. Immunisation against infectious disease. London, UK: HMSO; 1996:243-249.

17.  Behrens R, Carroll B. The 10 year trend of travel associated infections imported into the U.K. Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine (CISTM7), Innsbruck; 2001:86.

18.  Meltzer E, Sadik C, Schwartz E. Enteric fever in Israeli travelers: a nationwide study. J Travel Med. 2005;12:275-281.

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19.  Caumes E, Ehya N, Nguyen J, et al. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a 10-year retrospective study of 41 cases in a Parisian hospital. J Travel Med. 2001;8:293-297.

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20.  Jelinek T, Nothdurft HD, von Sonnenburg F, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever in travelers. J Travel Med. 1996;3:200-203.

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21.  Angell SY, Cetron MS. Health disparities among travelers visiting friends and relatives abroad. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:67-72.

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22.  Shlim DR, Schwartz E, Eaton M. Clinical importance of Salmonella paratyphi A infection to enteric fever in Nepal. J Travel Med. 1995;2:165-168.

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23.  Safdar A, Kaur H, Elting L, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 128 Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi A isolates from northern India. Chemotherapy. 2004;50:88-91.

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24.  Goh YL, Yasin R, Puthucheary SD, et al. DNA fingerprinting of human isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi B in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95:1134-1142.

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25.  Ispahani P, Slack RC. Enteric fever and other extraintestinal salmonellosis in University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, between 1980 and 1997. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:679-687.

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26.  Grewal HM, Jureen R, Steinsland H, et al. Molecular epidemiological study of Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi B infections imported from Turkey to Western Norway. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:5-10.

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27.  Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC. Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria. J Commun Dis. 1995;27:97-100.

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28.  Kariuki S, Cheesbrough J, Mavridis AK, et al. Typing of Salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi C isolates from various countries by plasmid profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2058-2060.

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29.  Schwartz E, Shlim DR, Eaton M, et al. The effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A among foreigners in Nepal. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:349-351.

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30.  Ochiai RL, Wang X, von Seidlein L, et al. Salmonella paratyphi A rates, Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1764-1766.

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31.  Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, et al. Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99:440-450.

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32.  O'Brien D, Tobin S, Brown GV, et al. Fever in returned travelers: review of hospital admissions for a 3-year period. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:603-609.

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33.  Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, et al. Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:186-191.

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34.  Engels EA, Falagas ME, Lau J, et al. Typhoid fever vaccines: a meta-analysis of studies on efficacy and toxicity. BMJ. 1998;316:110-116.

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35.  Stubi CL, Landry PR, Petignat C, et al. Compliance to live oral Ty21a typhoid vaccine and its effect on viability. J Travel Med. 2000;7:133-137.

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36.  Cryz SJ. Patient compliance in the use of Vivotif Berna vaccine, typhoid vaccine, live oral Ty21a. J Travel Med. 1998;5:14-17.

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37.  Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Robbins JB, et al. Immunogenicity, efficacy and serological correlate of protection of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine three years after immunization. Vaccine. 1996;14:435-438.

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38.  Khan MI, Soofi SB, Ochiai RL, et al; DOMI Typhoid Karachi Vi Effectiveness Study Group. Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: a cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan. Vaccine. 2012;30:5389-5395.

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39.  Zhou WZ, Koo HW, Wang XY, et al. Revaccination with locally-produced vi typhoid polysaccharide vaccine among Chinese school-aged children: safety and immunogenicity findings. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:1001-1005.

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40.  Beeching NJ, Clarke PD, Kitchin NR, et al. Comparison of two combined vaccines against typhoid fever and hepatitis A in healthy adults. Vaccine. 2004;23:29-35.

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41.  Lin FY, Vo AH, Khiem HB, et al. The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1263-1269.

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42.  Mai NL, Phan VB, Vo AH, et al. Persistent efficacy of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever in young children. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1390-1391.

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43.  Anwar E, Goldberg E, Fraser A, et al. Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD001261.

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44.  Sur D, Ochiai RL, Bhattacharya SK, et al. A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:335-344.

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45.  World Health Organization. Typhoid vaccines position paper. March 2018 [internet publication].

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46.  Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Mar 27;64(11):305-8.

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47.  Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Black RE, et al. Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine and prevention of paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(Suppl 1):S24-S28.

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48.  Sánchez-Jiménez MM, Cardona-Castro N. Validation of a PCR for diagnosis of typhoid fever and salmonellosis by amplification of the hilA gene in clinical samples from Colombian patients. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:875-878.

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49.  Wain J, Diep TS, Ho VA, et al. Quantitation of bacteria in blood of typhoid fever patients and relationship between counts and clinical features, transmissibility, and antibiotic resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:1683-1687.

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50.  Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, et al. Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever. Lancet. 1975;1:1211-1213.

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51.  Olopoenia LA, King AL. Widal agglutination test - 100 years later: still plagued by controversy. Postgrad Med J. 2000;76:80-84.

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52.  Bhutta ZA. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever. BMJ. 2006;333:78-82.

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53.  Wijedoru L, Mallett S, Parry CM. Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 26;5:CD008892.

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54.  Chart H, Cheasty T, de Pinna E, et al. Serodiagnosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and S. enterica serovars Paratyphi A, B and C human infections. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1161-1166.

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55.  Thriemer K, Ley B, Menten J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of two point of care typhoid fever tests, Tubex TF and Typhidot, in endemic countries. PloS One. 2013;8:e81263.

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56.  Frenck RW Jr, Nakhla I, Sultan Y, et al. Azithromycin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1134-1138.

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57.  Meltzer E, Stienlauf S, Leshem E, et al. A large outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi A infection among Israeli travelers to Nepal. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:359-364.

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58.  Dolecek C, Tran TP, Nguyen NR, et al. A multi-center randomised controlled trial of gatifloxacin versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults in Vietnam. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2188.

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59.  Arjyal A, Basnyat B, Koirala S, et al. Gatifloxacin versus chloramphenicol for uncomplicated enteric fever: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:445-454.

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60.  Slinger R, Desjardins M, McCarthy AE, et al. Suboptimal clinical response to ciprofloxacin in patients with enteric fever due to Salmonella spp. with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility: a case series. BMC Infect Dis. 2004;4:36.

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61.  Piersma D, Overbosch D, Petit P, et al. Protracted fever after a journey to India and Nepal: a case of persistent Salmonella paratyphi infection. J Travel Med. 2004;11:257-259.

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62.  Girgis NI, Butler T, Frenck RW, et al. Azithromycin versus ciprofloxacin for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in a randomized trial in Egypt that included patients with multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:1441-1444.

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63.  Chinh NT, Parry CM, Ly NT, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of azithromycin and ofloxacin for treatment of multidrug-resistant or nalidixic acid-resistant enteric fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1855-1859.

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64.  Trivedi NA, Shah PC. A meta-analysis comparing the safety and efficacy of azithromycin over the alternate drugs used for treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever. J Postgrad Med. 2012;58:112-118.

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65.  Parry CM. The treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever in Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98:413-422.

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66.  Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, et al. Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:82-88.

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67.  Khosla SN. Typhoid hepatitis. Postgrad Med J. 1990;66:923-925.

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68.  Schwartz E, Jenks NP, Shlim DR. 'Typhoid hepatitis' or typhoid fever and acute viral hepatitis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88:437-438.

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69.  Usang UE, Sowande OA, Ademuyiwa AO, et al. Outcome of primary closure of abdominal wounds following typhoid perforation in children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2009. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2009;6:31-34.

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70.  Chang YT, Lin JY, Huang YS. Typhoid colonic perforation in childhood: a ten-year experience. 2006. World J Surg. 2006;30:242-247.

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71.  Ukwenya AY, Ahmed A, Garba ES. Progress in management of typhoid perforation. Ann Afr Med. 2011;10:259-265.

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72.  Huang DB, DuPont HL. Problem pathogens: extra-intestinal complications of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:341-348.

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73.  Palombo M, Margalit-Yehuda R, Leshem E, et al. Near-fatal myocarditis complicating typhoid fever in a traveler returning from Nepal. J Travel Med. 2013;20:329-332.

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74.  Mohanty S, Gaind R, Sehgal R, et al. Neonatal sepsis due to Salmonella typhi and paratyphi A. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3:633-638.

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75.  Edelman R, Levine MM. Summary of an international workshop on typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:329-349.

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