模式性脱发患者有5种治疗选择:
不予治疗
医学治疗
外科治疗,例如:毛发移植
低强度激光治疗(LLLT)
美容辅助措施,例如伪装和/或假发。
大多数男性患者选择不接受治疗。然而大多数女性深受脱发困扰,因而寻求医疗帮助。药物治疗在男性及女性有所差异,总的目标是逆转或稳定毛囊的微小化,刺激头发再生。
选择保守治疗的男性
许多轻度雄激素性脱发的男性患者选择不接受治疗。对于这部分患者,定期随访可能是恰当的。深色化妆品、减淡发色、改变发型可能有助于掩盖缺陷。假发或接发同样可能有助于遮盖头皮。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Shapiro J. Clinical practice. Hair loss in women. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1620-1630.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942874?tool=bestpractice.com
选择医学治疗的男性
迄今为止,仅有米诺地尔(2%及5%)及非那雄胺被批准用于男性型脱发的医学治疗。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com这两种药物均可减慢脱发过程,并有一定促进毛发再生的作用,但均不能完全逆转脱发。
最佳的治疗方案是首先使用一种药物,至少进行6至12个月的疗效观察,必要时可换用另一种药物或是两药联用。所有的治疗可能需要不间断使用以维持疗效。若治疗中止,疗效随时间推移逐渐减弱,毛发密度最终将降至治疗前水平。总体而言,治疗开始后至少应观察数月以评价效果,进而决定后续治疗方案。
米诺地尔
米诺地尔最初为一降血压药物,目前已被批准用于男性雄激素性脱发的治疗(外用)。[23]Olsen EA, Whiting D, Bergfeld W, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:767-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761356?tool=bestpractice.com毛发计数;脱发改善程度的主观评估:有中等质量的证据表明,5% 局部外用米诺地尔显著优于安慰剂。[23]Olsen EA, Whiting D, Bergfeld W, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:767-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761356?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。米诺地尔是一种钾离子通道开放剂,并具有强效的血管舒张作用,但其促进毛发再生的机制尚不明确。有研究提示该药似乎可通过血管生成效应而延长毛发生长期,逆转毛囊微小化。[24]Buhl AE, Waldon, DJ, Conrad SJ, et al. Potassium channel conductance: a mechanism affecting hair growth both in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;98:315-319.http://www.jidonline.org/article/0022-202X(92)90089-M/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1545141?tool=bestpractice.com在男性中,5%浓度的溶液较2%溶液具有更强的促毛发生长作用。[25]Price VH, Menefee E, Strauss PC. Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia after application of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil, placebo, or no treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41:717-721.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10534633?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Olsen EA, Dunlap FE, Funicella T, et al. A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:377-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12196747?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Tsuboi R, Arano O, Nishikawa T, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing 5% and 1% topical minoxidil for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in Japanese men. J Dermatol. 2009;36:437-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691748?tool=bestpractice.com较新的 5% 浓度泡沫制剂与 5% 浓度溶液具有相同的有效性,但因 5% 泡沫不含丙二醇,因此刺激性小,可能更具有使用美容品般的愉快。毛发计数;脱发改善程度的主观评估:有中等质量的证据表明,5% 局部外用米诺地尔显著优于 2% 局部外用米诺地尔及安慰剂。[26]Olsen EA, Dunlap FE, Funicella T, et al. A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:377-385.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12196747?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
非那雄胺
该药最初开发时用于良性前列腺增生的治疗,目前已批准用于 18 岁及以上男性雄激素性脱发的治疗。毛发计数;脱发改善程度的主观评估;有中等质量的证据表明,在 24 个月的期间非那雄胺 1 mg/日,显著优于安慰剂。[19]Whiting DA, Olsen EA, Savin R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of finasteride 1 mg in men aged 41 to 60 years with male pattern hair loss. Eur J Dermatol. 2003;13:150-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12695131?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。非那雄胺不可逆地与II型5α-还原酶结合,抑制睾酮向二氢睾酮(DHT)的转化。临床研究表明,使用该药12个月后,目标部位头发数目较用药前明显增长。[28]Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D, et al. Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:578-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9777765?tool=bestpractice.com毛发计数;脱发改善程度的主观评估;有中等质量的证据表明,在超过 2 年的临床试验中,非那雄胺 1 mg/日,可延缓脱发进展、增加毛发生长。[28]Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D, et al. Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:578-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9777765?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。男性使用该药后可能出现性欲下降、勃起障碍等性功能相关副作用。但停用该药后此类副作用可完全消失。[19]Whiting DA, Olsen EA, Savin R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of finasteride 1 mg in men aged 41 to 60 years with male pattern hair loss. Eur J Dermatol. 2003;13:150-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12695131?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D, et al. Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:578-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9777765?tool=bestpractice.com虽然关于性功能相关副作用的质疑不断出现,目前已有的研究未能证实非那雄胺与性功能障碍的相关性。[29]Gupta AK, Charrette A. The efficacy and safety of 5α-reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia: a network meta-analysis and benefit-risk assessment of finasteride and dutasteride. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014;25:156-161.http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/09546634.2013.813011http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23768246?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗方案的转换
联合治疗
虽然尚未有设计良好的人体临床对照研究报道,但有研究者在动物模型中见到,外用米诺地尔联合口服非那雄胺具有协同作用,优于单药治疗。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com应根据脱发对患者造成的烦恼程度决定治疗方案:采用米诺地尔或非那雄胺单药起始治疗,或两药联合治疗以使早期疗效最大化。如选择单药治疗,至少应观察疗效6~12个月,此后若疗效不佳则加用另一药物。
女性
部分轻微模式性脱发的女性患者可能决定不接受治疗。对于这部分患者,采取观望的策略可能是合适的。深色化妆品、减淡发色、改变发型可能有助于掩盖缺陷。假发或接发同样可能有助于遮盖头皮。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Shapiro J. Clinical practice. Hair loss in women. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1620-1630.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942874?tool=bestpractice.com目前,2%米诺地尔外用溶液是唯一被批准用于女性模式性脱发的药物。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com虽然5%米诺地尔外用溶液尚未在女性中批准使用,但据报道,该药较安慰剂可显著增加头发数目,患者的主观疗效评价亦显著高于安慰剂组。[30]Lucky AW, Piacquadio DJ, Ditre CM, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil solutions in the treatment of female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:541-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034503?tool=bestpractice.com毛发计数;脱发改善程度的主观评估:有中等质量的证据表明,5% 局部外用米诺地尔在女性型脱发的女性患者中显著优于安慰剂。[30]Lucky AW, Piacquadio DJ, Ditre CM, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil solutions in the treatment of female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:541-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034503?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。有研究报道,2%及5%米诺地尔溶液用于女性患者是安全的,后者相较前者唯一的缺点是面部多毛的风险增加。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does minoxidil compare with placebo for treating female pattern hair loss?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1310/full显示答案
对于女性型脱发合并高雄激素血症的女性患者(<40%的患者),可加用雄激素抑制治疗(例如,螺内酯)。[22]Shapiro J. Clinical practice. Hair loss in women. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1620-1630.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17942874?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Sinclair R, Wewerinke M, Jolley D. Treatment of female pattern hair loss with oral antiandrogens. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:466-473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15787815?tool=bestpractice.com醋酸环丙氯地孕酮是另一种抗雄激素药物,但其仅在欧洲及加拿大使用。所有接受抗雄激素治疗的女性应在治疗期间使用有效的避孕措施。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com若不采取避孕措施,所怀男性胎儿可能有女性化的风险。推荐使用含低雄激素活性的孕酮的避孕药。
单用口服避孕药同样可减少雄激素的生成,增加性激素结合球蛋白,进而降低游离睾酮水平。[17]Raudrant D, Rabe T. Progestogens with antiandrogenic properties. Drugs. 2003;63:463-492.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600226?tool=bestpractice.com推荐使用含抗雄激素活性(例如,屈螺酮/乙炔雌二醇)孕酮的避孕药。
药物治疗失败后的毛发移植手术
很少有患者对药物治疗后的头发再生表示满意。对于希望恢复更高头发密度的患者,可尝试毛发移植。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com理想的男性适合患者应该年龄大于25岁,具有高密度的供区毛发且仅有前额中前区脱发。理想的女性适合患者应该具有高密度的供体毛发,且有前额广泛性脱发或毛发稀疏。
现代毛发移植手术仅使用毛囊单位进行移植。移植物通过传统带状收割或提取毛囊单位获得。更老的技术包括打孔移植、微型移植、显微量移植、狭缝移植、条片移植等方法均已过时,且不能产生满意的效果。[32]Sadick NS, White MP. Basic hair transplantation: 2007. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20:436-447.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18093017?tool=bestpractice.com毛囊单位移植具有最自然的手术效果。最常见的手术并发症包括感染、移植毛发周围疤痕、移植毛发生长不良、疤痕瘤形成、持续头皮疼痛、休止期脱发及动静脉瘘形成。但经验丰富的手术者极少出现上述并发症。
加用非那雄胺和/或米诺地尔可能具有稳定潜在脱发的作用,使患者长久保持更自然的外观。[13]Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:301-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692478?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blumeyer A, Tosti A, Messenger A, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(suppl 6):1-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1610-0379.2011.07802.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980982?tool=bestpractice.com