治疗的主要目标是降低死亡风险以及心血管和肾脏的发病风险。[4]Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet. 1998 Jun 13;351(9118):1755-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635947?tool=bestpractice.com 下列推荐意见基于第八次美国全国联合委员会 (JNC 8) 指南。JNC 8 指出,对于 18-59 岁的成年人,目标血压应<140/90 mmHg,包括糖尿病或慢性肾脏病患者,在普通人群中,从 60 岁开始,目标血压应<150/90 mmHg。[3]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):507-20.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com 与此不同,美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会 (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, ACC/AHA) 指南推荐,成人的血压目标值应<130/80 mmHg,无论年龄如何,是否存在确诊的高血压和已知的心血管疾病 (cardiovascular disease, CVD),或 10 年动脉粥样硬化性 CVD 风险(采用动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病 [ASCVD] 风险估计工具)是否≥10%。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.comAmerican College of Cardiology: ASCVD risk estimator plus 对于确诊为高血压而无其他高 CVD 风险标志物的成人,将 BP 目标值定为<130/80 mmHg 可能较合理。
在年龄≥60 岁的普通人群中,第 8 届美国预防、检测、评估和治疗高血压委员会 (JNC8) 指南建议,当血压≥150/90 mmHg 时,进行药物治疗以降低血压。[3]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):507-20.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一些专家组成员建议保留<140 mmHg 这一 JNC7 收缩压目标,认为没有充分证据支持对高危人群实施非强化血压达标水平,包括黑人,心血管疾病患者和多种危险因素患者。[60]Wright Jr JT, Fine LJ, Lackland DT, et al. Evidence supporting a systolic blood pressure goal of less than 150 mmHg in patients aged 60 years or older: the minority view. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Apr 1;160(7):499-503.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1813288http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24424788?tool=bestpractice.com 美国医师协会 (American College of Physicians ) 和美国家庭医师学会 (American Academy of Family Physicians) 联合制定的指南推荐,对于收缩压持续≥150 mmHg 且年龄≥60 岁的成人患者,推荐开始进行治疗,使目标收缩压达到<150 mmHg,以降低死亡、卒中和心脏事件的风险。[61]Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Rich R, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in adults aged 60 years or older to higher versus lower blood pressure targets: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Mar 21;166(6):430-7.http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2598413/pharmacologic-treatment-hypertension-adults-aged-60-years-older-higher-versushttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28135725?tool=bestpractice.com 欧洲心脏病学会和欧洲高血压学会 (ESC/ESH) 指南推荐,对于年龄>65 岁的成人,理想的目标收缩压为 130-139 mmHg。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.comUS and European guidelines - classification and management
不断变化的治疗目标
随着更多研究的不断开展,血压目标也在不断变化。[62]Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016 Jan 30;387(10017):435-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559744?tool=bestpractice.com SPRINT 试验(收缩压干预试验)已经提前结束,因为试验发现,在年龄大于 50 岁、至少有一种额外心脏病风险因素的高血压人群中,120 mmHg(自动化诊室血压 [AOBP] 测量值)这一较低的收缩压目标可减少心血管并发症和死亡。[6]The SPRINT Study Research Group. Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial. 2016 [internet publication].https://www.sprinttrial.org/public/dspHome.cfm[63]Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, et al; SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2103-16.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551272?tool=bestpractice.com 将糖尿病或卒中患者从这项临床试验中排除。然而,在 HOPE-3 试验中,没有心血管疾病的中等风险人群未能从降低血压中获益,除非患者处在起始血压的最高三分组别 (>143.5 mmHg) 中(与 SPRINT 中的更高风险患者相反)。[64]Lonn EM, Bosch J, López-Jaramillo P, et al; HOPE-3 Investigators. Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 26;374(21):2009-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041480?tool=bestpractice.com
由于老年患者总体健康存在差异,治疗决定应该基于个体,并且要逐渐降低血压,由医生仔细监测。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 1;358(18):1887-98.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0801369#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18378519?tool=bestpractice.com SPRINT 临床试验的结果证实无论患者身体虚弱程度或行走速度如何,年龄>75 岁的患者都显示出了同样的获益。[66]Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al; SPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Jun 28;315(24):2673-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988796/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27195814?tool=bestpractice.com 该试验纳入了直立性晕厥患者,排除了痴呆患者和居住在养老院的患者。一项系统评价发现,没有足够证据证明高血压治疗可为服用多种药物且年龄>80 岁的虚弱人群带来益处,因此治疗应个体化。[67]Benetos A, Rossignol P, Cherubini A, et al. Polypharmacy in the aging patient: management of hypertension in octogenarians. JAMA. 2015 Jul 14;314(2):170-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26172896?tool=bestpractice.com 对于年龄更大的老年患者(>80 岁),不应仅因为年龄的缘故就不给予治疗或者停止治疗。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com
关于合并糖尿病的患者,来自 ACCORD 试验的高质量的证据表明,高强化性降血压(目标收缩压<120 mmHg,相比于目标<140 mmHg)并不会降低风险(复合结局:非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中或因心血管原因死亡),还有可能增加不良事件的风险。[68]ACCORD Study Group; Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1575-85.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4123215/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com 美国糖尿病学会 (American Diabetes Association, ADA) 推荐,在同时患有糖尿病和高血压的患者中,应当根据评估得到的心血管风险、可能的不良反应和患者意愿,个性化制定血压目标。[69]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2019. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(suppl 1):S1-193.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1 糖尿病患者的目标范围:高危人群<130/80 mmHg,低危人群<140/90 mmHg;糖尿病孕妇的建议目标范围:120-160/80-105 mmHg。[69]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2019. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(suppl 1):S1-193.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1 对于心血管疾病风险高的患者,如果能够达到较低的收缩压或舒张压目标值且不会带来过度的治疗负担,那么较低的收缩压或舒张压目标值(例如 130/80 mmHg)可能是恰当的。ACC/AHA 推荐糖尿病患者的目标血压值应<130/80 mmHg。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com
生活方式调整
对于新诊断的患者,最初方案应包括彻底解释与高血压相关的风险,以及需要充分控制和坚持治疗。初始治疗措施应为终身生活方式改变,包括:[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Geleijinse JM, Kork FJ, Grobbee DE. Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2003 Jul;17(7):471-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821954?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3-10.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200101043440101#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11136953?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Apr 2;136(7):493-503.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11926784?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hartley TR, Lovallo WR, Whisett TL, et al. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Apr 15;93(8):1022-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15081447?tool=bestpractice.com
减少钠的摄入(最佳摄入量≤1.5 g/天) [
]How does dietary salt reduction affect cardiovascular biomarkers and hormone levels in healthy normotensive and hypertensive people?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1756/full显示答案
补钾(3.5-5.0 g/天):最好通过摄入富含钾的食物进行补钾,除外存在慢性肾脏疾病或使用降低钾排泄药物等禁忌证。
遵循终止高血压膳食疗法 (DASH) 饮食(每天 8-10 份水果和蔬菜、全谷类、低钠、低脂肪蛋白饮食)
男性腰围保持在<102 cm,女性腰围保持在<88 cm;减轻体重,使体质指数 (BMI) 达到约 25kg/m²
增加体育锻炼:根据耐受情况或医生的建议,每周 5 天每天至少 30 分钟中等强度的动态有氧运动(健走、慢跑、骑自行车或游泳),每周总共 150 分钟
限制饮酒:男性高血压患者每天≤2 个标准杯(<20-30 g 酒精);女性高血压患者每天≤1 个标准杯(<10-20 g 酒精)。男性每周饮酒总量不应超过 14 个标准杯(140 g),女性每周饮酒总量不应超过 8 个标准杯(80 g)。
诊断时应给予关于改变生活方式的建议,并应该与其它的治疗措施同时继续进行。在开始锻炼计划之前,患者应该与其医疗保健提供者讨论相关计划。
还应该始终鼓励戒烟,以促进整体血管健康,虽然戒烟尚未被证实是否与降低血压有关。
在确定药物治疗的必要性之前,建议对愿意做出治疗性生活方式改变的依从患者进行 3 个月的试验。大多数患者需要药物治疗,以达到目标血压控制。
降压药
降压药物的主要种类包括:[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com
除非存在冠状动脉疾病、心力衰竭或心房颤动,否则不推荐将 β-受体阻滞剂作为高血压的一线治疗。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com所列出的高血压药物仅为每种分类中常见的几种;目前还有许多其他的可用药物。其中一些药物的形式为固定剂量复方制剂。这些单片药物制剂可简化给药方案,改善依从性。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, et al; American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. Combination therapy in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010 Jan-Feb;4(1):42-50.http://www.ashjournal.com/article/S1933-1711(10)00006-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20374950?tool=bestpractice.com
1 期的药物治疗
ACC/AHA 指南将 1 期高血压定义为血压达到 130-139/80-89 mmHg。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 欧洲心脏病学会和欧洲高血压学会 (ESC/ESH) 指南将处于这个范围的血压定义为正常高值血压。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 1 期高血压,可以在适当情况下开始联合治疗或单药治疗。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does first-line combination therapy compare with first-line monotherapy in people with primary hypertension?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1676/full显示答案 降压药物的选择受有效性、不良反应和费用的影响。 ACC/AHA 指南指出,对于 10 年动脉粥样硬化性 CVD 风险≥10%、有已知心血管疾病、存在糖尿病或慢性肾脏疾病的患者,推荐启动降压治疗。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.comAmerican College of Cardiology: ASCVD risk estimator plus 欧洲指南推荐,开始降压治疗时选择二联疗法,最好是单片复方制剂,血压为正常高值且心血管风险高的患者或者身体虚弱的老年患者除外,这些患者在开始降压治疗时可能适合选择单药治疗。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com 在血压为正常高值且心血管风险高的患者中,可能仅需轻微降低血压即可达到目标值;在身体虚弱的老年患者中,压力感受器反射的敏感性常常已被破坏,且低血压风险更高。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com 许多 1 期高血压患者有一系列其他心血管危险因素(例如吸烟或轻度血脂异常),这使得降低血压更有意义。
如果血压无法用单一药物控制,则添加不同类的降压药物。
一般来说,通常本应选用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI) 但患者对此药物不耐受时,可以用血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂代替。
1 期高血压:无 CVD 相关的共病或慢性肾病,或者合并糖尿病
建议从四类首选药物类别中选择药物作为初始疗法。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Bangalore S, Fakheri R, Toklu B, et al. Diabetes mellitus as a compelling indication for use of renin angiotensin system blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ. 2016 Feb 11;352:i438.http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i438.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868137?tool=bestpractice.com
噻嗪类(噻嗪样)利尿剂已证明是安全有效的一线治疗。[74]Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 18;(4):CD001841.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29667175?tool=bestpractice.com 它们还可减少肾钙排泄量,所以对于患有骨质疏松症的女性可能是个很好的选择。同所有抗高血压药物一样,初始剂量应尽可能地低,然后在观察潜在的不良反应的同时,逐步加量以获得治疗效果。
替代性一线治疗选择包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)、血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂或钙通道阻滞剂,或这些类别中两种不同药物的联用(除外血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂联用)。阿利吉仑是一种直接肾素抑制剂,也可以使用;但是它在治疗通路中的作用尚不清楚,因为在与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂联用时和在糖尿病或肾损害情况下,担心存在风险。[6]The SPRINT Study Research Group. Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial. 2016 [internet publication].https://www.sprinttrial.org/public/dspHome.cfm 这被视为一种更佳的治疗选择。
对于一般的黑种人,包括有糖尿病的黑种人,推荐将噻嗪类(或噻嗪样)利尿剂或钙通道阻滞剂作为初始治疗药物。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 依据抗高血压和降脂治疗预防心脏病发作试验(Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial,ALLHAT ) 中关于黑人患者的预定亚组分析(其中 46% 的黑人患者有糖尿病),得出该推荐意见。[75]The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002 Dec 18;288(23):2981-97.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=195626http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12479763?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Leenen FH, Nwachuku CE, Black HR, et al. Clinical events in high-risk hypertensive patients randomly assigned to calcium channel blocker versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Hypertension. 2006 Sep;48(3):374-84.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/48/3/374.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16864749?tool=bestpractice.com
对于白蛋白排泄量增加的糖尿病患者,推荐使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂。抗高血压和降脂治疗预防心脏病发作试验(Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial, ALLHAT) 研究表明,氯噻酮、氨氯地平或赖诺普利对 2 型糖尿病合并轻度高血压患者的治疗效果相当。[75]The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002 Dec 18;288(23):2981-97.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=195626http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12479763?tool=bestpractice.com 对于糖尿病患者,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂有肾保护作用,可减缓蛋白尿的进展。[77]Thurman JM, Schrier RW. Comparative effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on blood pressure and the kidney. Am J Med. 2003 May;114(7):588-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12753883?tool=bestpractice.com 睡眠时血压是糖尿病心血管疾病的最重要的独立预后指标。
合并冠状动脉疾病
β受体阻滞剂是一线药物。经证实,β受体阻滞剂对慢性稳定型心绞痛患者、心肌梗死后患者或充血性心力衰竭患者有益,也对接受冠状动脉疾病手术的患者、肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者有益。[78]Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group. A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. I: mortality results. JAMA. 1982 Mar 26;247(12):1707-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7038157?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 3;327(10):669-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1386652?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Tepper D. Frontiers in congestive heart failure: effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Congest Heart Fail. 1999 Jul-Aug;5(4):184-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12189311?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 31;344(22):1651-8.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105313442201#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386263?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Lindenauer PK, Fitzgerald J, Hoople N, et al. The potential preventability of postoperative myocardial infarction: underuse of perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Apr 12;164(7):762-6.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=216902http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078646?tool=bestpractice.com
在一些临床试验中,已证明血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂可减少心血管事件,但是其他研究并未证明血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对于稳定型冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) 且左心室功能正常的患者有益。[83]Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al; the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 20;342(3):145-53.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200001203420301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10639539?tool=bestpractice.com[84]The European Trial on Reduction of Cardiac Events with Perindopril in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003 Sep 6;362(9386):782-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13678872?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 11;351(20):2058-68.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556374/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531767?tool=bestpractice.com对于强适应证 (compelling indication),例如既往心肌梗死、稳定型心绞痛,β-受体阻滞剂、ACEI 或血管紧张素-II 受体拮抗剂可作为一线治疗。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 为了进一步控制高血压,可加用其他药物,例如二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂、噻嗪类利尿剂和/或盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂。
许多冠心病患者也服用硝酸盐,硝酸盐可起到外源性一氧化氮 (NO) 供体的作用。可观察到收缩压有轻微下降,但是,将硝酸酯类药物作为单独的降压治疗并未获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 的批准。[19]Saad MF, Rewers M, Selby J, et al. Insulin resistance and hypertension: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Hypertension. 2004 Jun;43(6):1324-31.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/43/6/1324.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15123571?tool=bestpractice.com
合并射血分数下降的心力衰竭
对于合并射血分数下降(<40%)的心力衰竭患者,可以给予一种 AECI(或者不耐受时使用一种血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂)加 β-受体阻滞剂联合或不联合一种醛固酮拮抗剂。
已证明 ACEI 可为充血性心力衰竭患者提供生存优势。[79]Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 3;327(10):669-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1386652?tool=bestpractice.com[86]The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987 Jun 4;316(23):1429-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2883575?tool=bestpractice.com 血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂也可降低并发症发生率和死亡率。[87]Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Sep 7;360(9335):752-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12241832?tool=bestpractice.com[88]McMurray J, Ostergren J, Pfeffer M, et al. Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: baseline characteristics of patients in the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Jun;5(3):261-70.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016/S1388-9842%2803%2900052-7http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12798823?tool=bestpractice.com 对于充血性心力衰竭患者,血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂并不优于血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,二者疗效相当。[89]Black HR, Sollins JS, Garofalo JL. The addition of doxazosin to the therapeutic regimen of hypertensive patients inadequately controlled with other antihypertensive medications: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Hypertens. 2000 May;13(5 Pt 1):468-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10826396?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Velasquez EJ, Pfeffer MA, McMurray JV, et al; VALIANT Investigators. VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion (VALIANT) trial: baseline characteristics in context. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Aug;5(4):537-44.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016/S1388-9842%2803%2900112-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12921816?tool=bestpractice.com
已证实 β-受体阻滞剂有利于降低慢性充血性心力衰竭患者的死亡率。[80]Tepper D. Frontiers in congestive heart failure: effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Congest Heart Fail. 1999 Jul-Aug;5(4):184-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12189311?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 31;344(22):1651-8.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105313442201#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386263?tool=bestpractice.com
对于正在使用优化血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂联合 β-受体阻滞剂优化治疗方案的心衰患者(射血分数小于 35%),如果仍需降血压治疗,应当给予醛固酮拮抗剂。醛固酮阻断与降低终末器官纤维化有关。[91]Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 2;341(10):709-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199909023411001#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10471456?tool=bestpractice.com
利尿剂(非醛固酮)不能降低充血性心力衰竭的死亡率,但是可经常用来缓解血容量超负荷的症状。
已证明联合使用肼屈嗪和硝酸酯类药物(例如硝酸异山梨酯/肼屈嗪)对已经服用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、β-受体阻滞剂和醛固酮拮抗剂的黑人患者有益,也对不能耐受血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂的所有充血性心力衰竭患者有益。[92]Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jun 12;314(24):1547-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3520315?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 11;351(20):2049-57.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa042934#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15533851?tool=bestpractice.com
对于射血分数下降心力衰竭成人患者,不推荐使用非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂来治疗高血压[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com
沙库必曲 (Sacubitril)/缬沙坦和伊伐布雷定也是用于慢性心力衰竭的较新的药。
合并射血分数保留的心力衰竭
对于有容量超负荷症状且合并射血分数保留 (>45%) 心力衰竭的患者,应使用利尿剂来控制高血压。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 如果在处理容量超负荷之后仍持续存在高血压,应使用 ACEI 或血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂和 β-受体阻滞剂,逐渐调整剂量,至达到目标血压。
合并左心室肥大
现已证明,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对各种心血管疾病状况有益,包括充血性心力衰竭和左心室肥大。[83]Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al; the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 20;342(3):145-53.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200001203420301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10639539?tool=bestpractice.com[84]The European Trial on Reduction of Cardiac Events with Perindopril in Stable Coronary Artery Disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet. 2003 Sep 6;362(9386):782-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13678872?tool=bestpractice.com 在合并左心室肥厚时,血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂是首选治疗。研究表明,对于高血压合并 LVH 的患者,使用血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂能降低并发症发生率和死亡率。[87]Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Sep 7;360(9335):752-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12241832?tool=bestpractice.com
合并肾脏疾病
在合并肾脏疾病时(3 期慢性肾脏疾病或者 1 期或 2 期肾慢性肾脏疾病伴蛋白尿 [≥300 mg/天或蛋白肌酐比值≥300 mg/g,或者大于等于清晨第一次排尿中的当量]),ACEI 是首选治疗。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 如果不能耐受 ACEI,可以使用血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂。
合并心房颤动
首选治疗药物为 β-受体阻滞剂,第二治疗选择为非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂。
来自事后分析的证据提示,血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂或血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂不能预防心房颤动的发生[94]Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al; PRoFESS Study Group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 18;359(12):1225-37.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714258/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753639?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators; Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, et al. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Sep 27;372(9644):1174-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757085?tool=bestpractice.com 或复发[96]Tveit A, Grundvold I, Olufsen M, et al. Candesartan in the prevention of relapsing atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Aug 9;120(1):85-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113170?tool=bestpractice.com[97]GISSI-AF Investigators, Disertori M, Latini R, et al. Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 16;360(16):1606-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0805710#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369667?tool=bestpractice.com 心房颤动。但是,更多近期指南指出,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂在预防心房颤动方面可能有效。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com[98]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/64/21/e1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com 还需要进行更多的调查研究。
合并良性前列腺增生
ALLHAT 研究确切证明,对于有症状的良性前列腺肥大 (BPH) 患者,α 受体阻滞剂不应当是一线降压药物。在这些患者中,首选的一线降压药物与其他大多数种类的药物相同(即:噻嗪类 [或噻嗪样] 利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂和钙通道阻滞剂),而 α 受体阻滞剂仅仅适用于治疗 BPH 症状。
合并雷诺病、外周血管病或冠状动脉痉挛
首选钙通道阻滞剂。除了血管疾病,钙通道阻滞剂对持续性心绞痛或卒中的预防也有效。[99]Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Reboldi GP, et al. Calcium channel blockade to prevent stroke in hypertension: a meta analysis of 13 studies with 103,793 subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2004 Sep;17(9):817-22.https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/17/9/817/322548http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15363825?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomized control trial. Lancet. 2004 Sep 4-10;364(9437):849-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15351192?tool=bestpractice.com
2 期高血压
ACC/AHA 指南将 2 期高血压定义为血压≥140/90 mmHg。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 欧洲心脏病学会 (European Society of Cardiology, ESC) 将高血压分为 3 级:[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com
1 级高血压:140-159/90-99 mmHg
2 级高血压:160-179 mmHg/100-109 mmHg
3 级高血压:≥180 mmHg/110 mmHg
患有 2 期高血压的患者将需要超过一种药物控制血压。因此,推荐同时启动不同种类的两种药物治疗。
由于高度房室传导阻滞的风险增加,应避免联合使用非二氢吡啶类钙离子通道阻滞剂与 β 受体阻滞剂。
顽固性(难治性)高血压
难治性高血压被定义为,在联用三种降压药物(通常包括一种长效钙离子通道阻滞剂、一种血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或者血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂和一种利尿剂)且已使用最大可耐受剂量的患者中,血压仍高于目标值。[101]Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, et al. Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018 Nov;72(5):e53-90.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30354828?tool=bestpractice.com 处理顽固性高血压需要有专业经验。如果患者频繁需要服用多种抗高血压药物,必须就不良反应、药物依从性、潜在的药物间相互作用和代谢异常等方面对患者进行观察和询问。不常见情况下,需要筛查患者高血压的继发性原因。
应当将主要治疗类别的代表性药物剂量最大化,包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂和钙离子通道阻滞剂。最佳给药剂量的噻嗪类利尿剂(例如氯噻酮或者吲达帕胺)应优于氢氯噻嗪。[101]Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, et al. Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018 Nov;72(5):e53-90.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30354828?tool=bestpractice.com 由于存在急性肾衰竭的风险,不应同时使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂和/或直接肾素抑制剂。
四线药物选择一般为螺内酯。依普利酮可以作为替代药物使用。螺内酯和依普利酮禁用于有高钾血症的患者。对于有肾脏损伤的患者,应提高警惕;可能需要调整剂量,或者依据肾损伤的严重程度、使用指征(即,高血压 vs 心力衰竭)和当地指导禁用该药物。禁忌与保钾利尿剂联用。
否则,安全的第四线或第五线治疗选择是外周性肾上腺素能阻滞剂。肼屈嗪是次选药物,因为它需要每日两次给药,并且在同时给予钙离子通道阻滞剂治疗时,水肿风险增加。晚期慢性肾脏病患者极少需要米诺地尔,使用这种药物时,需要具备预期和处理液体潴留副作用的专业技能。联合使用 α 和 β 受体阻滞剂(例如卡维地洛、拉贝洛尔)可加以考虑。此外,管理难治性高血压患者有专业经验的医生联合使用二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂和非二氢吡啶类钙离子通道阻滞剂(例如氨氯地平加地尔硫卓),成功获得了一席之地。由于可乐定具有副作用,一般避免使用此药。
处理不好控制的高血压的最重要原则包括:
使用减少药片量原则提高药物依从性(也就是在可能时使用单片药物、固定剂量复方制剂或避免使用每日两次给药方案)
使利尿剂的剂量最大化
如有可能,使用螺内酯或依普利酮作为第四种药物。[102]Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al; British Hypertension Society's PATHWAY Studies Group. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015 Nov 21;386(10008):2059-68.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655321/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414968?tool=bestpractice.com
询问患者的饮酒情况和提供生活方式建议也很重要。
应当考虑将患者转诊至高血压专科医生处。
老年人
由于多种原因,包括跌倒风险、药物相互作用、不良反应和不能降低死亡率,许多医生不愿意根据通常的血压目标治疗高龄患者。先前的文献综述和 meta 分析显示,在高龄患者中,患者的卒中、心力衰竭和心血管事件减少,但并未在死亡率方面获得收益。[103]Charpentier MM, Bundeff A. Treating hypertension in the very elderly. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Sep;45(9):1138-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852597?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Schall P, Wehling M. Treatment of arterial hypertension in the very elderly: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61(4):221-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21650080?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,SPRINT 试验显示,对于≥75 岁的能走动患者,与收缩压目标为<140 mmHg 相比,收缩压目标为<120 mmHg(通过 AOBP 测量)能显著降低致命性和非致命性主要心血管事件的发生率以及全因死亡率。[66]Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al; SPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Jun 28;315(24):2673-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988796/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27195814?tool=bestpractice.com该试验纳入了直立性晕厥患者,排除了痴呆患者和居住在养老院的患者。
2017 年 ACC/AHA 指南指出,对于未被收治、在社区居住的可走动成人,推荐的收缩压目标为<130 mmHg。对于年龄≥65 岁、有高血压、存在共病高负担且预期寿命有限的患者,为制定关于强化降低血压的方案及选择降压药物,采用基于临床判断、患者意愿和团队的风险/获益评估方案是合理的。[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com
欧洲指南推荐,所有患者(包括独立的老年患者)血压目标值<140/90 mmHg;如果治疗耐受,大多数患者的血压目标值≤130/80 mmHg。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com
JNC 8 指南推荐,对于≥60 岁且收缩压≥150 mmHg 或舒张压≥90 mmHg 的患者,可开始药物治疗,目标是将收缩压降至<150 mmHg 和舒张压降至< 90 mmHg。[3]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):507-20.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠
这篇专题中描述的治疗适用于非妊娠患者。孕妇应转诊至对处理高危患者有专门经验和技术的产科医生处进行管理。
如需更多信息,请参阅妊娠期高血压这一专题。
实施成功
遵循应用科学的基本原则,已经使多种族人群得到了高水平的高血压控制。[105]Jaffe MG, Lee GA, Young JD, et al. Improved blood pressure control associated with a large-scale hypertension program. JAMA. 2013 Aug 21;310(7):699-705.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270203/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989679?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Sim JJ, Handler J, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Systematic implementation strategies to improve hypertension: the Kaiser Permanente southern California experience. Can J Cardiol. 2014 May;30(5):544-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786445?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Shaw KM, Handler J, Wall HK, et al. Improving blood pressure control in a large multiethnic California population through changes in health care delivery 2004-2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014 Oct 30;11:E191.http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/14_0173.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25357259?tool=bestpractice.com 核心原则包括:
全面的高血压登记
基于单片联合疗法的循证高血压治疗流程
到医生助理处免费就诊测量血压加上随访分诊,以及
以团队为基础的绩效报告。
对于有或无共病的新确诊高血压患者,使用 2 种药物联合治疗(包括单片复方制剂)符合 JNC 8 循证指南以及 2017 年 ACC/AHA 指南和欧洲指南。[2]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 1;39(33):3021-104.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165516?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com
基于高血压患者的数量众多并且需要采用基于方案的高血压疗法,因此,以团队为基础的护士和临床药师的治疗协作是一个关键的成功因素。[108]Proia KK, Thota AB, Njie GJ, et al. Team-based care and improved blood pressure control: a community guide systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Jul;47(1):86-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24933494?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Carter BL, Bosworth HB, Green BB. The hypertension team: the role of the pharmacist, nurse, and teamwork in hypertension therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012 Jan;14(1):51-65.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257828/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235824?tool=bestpractice.com 在以团队为基础的治疗合作中,临床药师的任务一般是参与药物选择和给药,护士的任务是患者教育。一项随机对照试验表明,护士主导的电子邮件提醒项目(邮件内容关于对各种心血管危险因素的提醒,包括脂质改善和血压降低)的有效性高且费用低廉。[110]Cicolini G, Simonetti V, Comparcini D, et al. Efficacy of a nurse-led email reminder program for cardiovascular prevention risk reduction in hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014 Jun;51(6):833-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24225325?tool=bestpractice.com
应将患者考虑作为高血压团队的一员。TASMINH4 临床试验显示,对于血压控制不佳的患者,全科医生采用自我监测(无论是否远程监测)来调整降压药物剂量,与经诊室血压测量读数指导的调药相比,可显著降低血压。[111]McManus RJ, Mant J, Franssen M, et al. Efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Mar 10;391(10124):949-59.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854463/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29499873?tool=bestpractice.com
一个重要的目标是继续尽力改善不同血统人群之间血压控制效果的不一致。[112]Ayanian JZ, Landon BE, Newhouse JP, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities among enrollees in Medicare Advantage plans. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 11;371(24):2288-97.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381536/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25494268?tool=bestpractice.com