非霍奇金淋巴瘤的发病与病毒及细菌有关:
Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)伴Burkitt 淋巴瘤[11]Epstein M, Barr YM, Achong BG. A second virus-carrying tissue culture strain (EB2) of lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Pathol Biol. 1964 Dec;12:1233-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14255814?tool=bestpractice.com
EBV与AIDS相关原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤[12]MacMahon EM, Glass JD, Hayward SD, et al. Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet. 1991 Oct 19;338(8773):969-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1681341?tool=bestpractice.com
EBV与鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤[13]Cabrera ME, Eizuru Y, Itoh T, et al. Nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and its association with type i/XhoI loss strain Epstein-Barr virus in Chile. J Clin Pathol. 2007 Jun;60(6):656-60.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955082/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775124?tool=bestpractice.com
丙肝病毒(HCV)与脾边缘带淋巴瘤[14]Hermine O, Lefrere F, Bronowicki JP, et al. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 11;347(2):89-94.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa013376#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12110736?tool=bestpractice.com
丙肝病毒与弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤[15]Nieters A, Kallinowski B, Brennan P, et al. Hepatitis C and risk of lymphoma: results of the European multicenter case-control study EPILYMPH. Gastroenterology. 2006 Dec;131(6):1879-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087949?tool=bestpractice.com
人类I型T淋巴细胞白血病病毒与T细胞淋巴瘤[16]Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, et al. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7415-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350514/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6261256?tool=bestpractice.com
艾滋病患者中人类疱疹病毒8型与原发渗出性/体腔淋巴瘤[17]Nador R, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, et al. Primary effusion lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood. 1996 Jul 15;88(2):645-56.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/88/2/645.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8695812?tool=bestpractice.com
幽门螺杆菌与胃黏膜相关淋巴样组织 (MALT) 淋巴瘤[18]Nakamura S, Yao T, Aoyagi K, et al. Helicobacter pylori and primary gastric lymphoma: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 237 patients. Cancer. 1997 Jan 1;79(1):3-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8988720?tool=bestpractice.com
伯氏疏螺旋体与 MALT 淋巴瘤(皮肤型)[19]Garbe C, Stein H, Gollnick H, et al. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma in chronic Borrelia burgdorferi infection: report of 2 cases and a review of the literature [in German]. Hautarzt. 1988 Nov;39(11):717-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3072322?tool=bestpractice.com
伯内特考克斯体与 B 细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤。[20]Melenotte C, Million M, Audoly G, et al. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked to Coxiella burnetii. Blood. 2016 Jan 7;127(1):113-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26463422?tool=bestpractice.com
NHL 是一种免疫系统疾病,因此也与一些自身免疫性疾病相关,如干燥综合征、类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮及乳糜泻。[21]Sugai S. Sjogren's syndrome, glomerulonephritis and malignant lymphoma. Intern Med. 2007;46(4):155-6.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/46/4/46_4_155/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17301508?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Starkebaum G. Rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoma: risky business for B cells. J Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;34(2):243-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304645?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Lofstrom B, Backlin C, Sundstrom C, et al. A closer look at non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in a national Swedish systemic lupus erythematosus cohort: a nested case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Dec;66(12):1627-32.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095297/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517757?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Harris OD, Cooke WT, Thompson H, et al. Malignancy in adult celiac disease and idiopathic steatorrhea. Am J Med. 1967 Jun;42(6):899-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5338480?tool=bestpractice.com
NHL 与获得性免疫缺陷相关,如器官移植后和普通变异型免疫缺陷病,也与遗传性免疫缺陷病相关,如 Wiskott-Aldrich 综合征、共济失调性毛细血管扩张症、谢迪亚克-东综合征及克兰费尔特综合征。[25]Katz BZ, Pahl E, Crawford SE, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in a pediatric heart transplant cohort. Pediatr Transplant. 2007 Feb;11(1):58-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239124?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Desar IM, Keuter M, Raemaekers JM, et al. Extranodal marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma in common variable immunodeficiency. Neth J Med. 2006 May;64(5):136-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702611?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Sullivan KE, Mullen CA, Blaese RM, et al. A multiinstitutional survey of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Pediatr. 1994 Dec;125(6 Pt 1):876-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7996359?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Salinas F, Ortega G, Molina M, et al. Ataxia-telangiectasia with immunodeficiency and malignant lymphoma: report of two cases [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 1981 Feb 10;76(3):109-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7206873?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Yamak B, Hicsonmez G, Ozsoylu S, et al. An infant with Chediak-Higashi syndrome and lymphoma. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1972 May;11(5):277-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5028571?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Becher R. Klinefelter's syndrome and malignant lymphoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1986 Apr 1;21(3):271-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3948147?tool=bestpractice.com
少数环境因素,如杀虫剂及苯氧基除草剂,与本文之前提到农民发生非霍奇金淋巴瘤有关。[31]Hardell L, Eriksson M. A case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticides. Cancer. 1999 Mar 15;85(6):1353-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189142?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK, et al. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in western Washington. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987 May;78(5):899-910.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3471999?tool=bestpractice.com
乳房植入物与间变性大细胞淋巴瘤的风险增加有关,但绝对风险较小 (估计发病率从3817患者中1人患病到 30, 000 人中1人患病,高低不等)。[8]Loch-Wilkinson A, Beath KJ, Knight RJW, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in Australia and New Zealand: high-surface-area textured implants are associated with increased risk. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Oct;140(4):645-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28481803?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Doren EL, Miranda RN, Selber JC, et al. US epidemiology of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 May;139(5):1042-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28157769?tool=bestpractice.com[10]de Boer M, van Leeuwen FE, Hauptmann M, et al. Breast implants and the risk of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the breast. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;4(3):335-41.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5885827/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29302687?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数乳房植入物相关的间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(BIA-ALCL)发生于有纹理的植入物,但亦有报道称 BIA-ALCL 出现于光滑表面的植入物。[7]US Food and Drug Administration. Breast implant associated-anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): letter to health care providers. Feb 2019 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/LetterstoHealthCareProviders/ucm630863.htm 2016年修订的世界卫生组织淋巴肿瘤分类包括 BIA-ALCL 的临时分类。[2]Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2375-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874220/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980727?tool=bestpractice.com