非霍奇金淋巴瘤是一组异质性的淋巴系统恶性疾病,包括>30 种疾病。 因此,NHL的治疗方案是多样的,从治疗临床侵袭性淋巴瘤的积极多药联合化疗和/或骨髓移植到治疗惰性淋巴瘤的单药化疗和/或放疗以及观察等待。
世界卫生组织分型进一步纳入分子生物学指标对NHL进行分型,是对淋巴瘤分型的重要改进,从而更好地区分淋巴瘤亚型。[2]Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016 May 19;127(20):2375-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874220/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26980727?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐的治疗方案是基于常见淋巴瘤的临床适应性分类,例如套细胞淋巴瘤因其临床表现及预后不良被归为侵袭性淋巴瘤
侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤: 弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)
治疗方案基于疾病分期:
I-II 期非肿块型(直径<10 cm):治疗方案为 R-CHOP-21(利妥昔单抗+环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱、泼尼松龙给药 21 天)连续 6 至 8 个疗程或 R-CHOP-21 连续 3 个疗程加上受累野放疗 (RT) (30-40 Gy)。 两种治疗方案疗效相同。[49]Miller TP, Dahlberg S, Cassady JR, et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 2;339(1):21-6.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199807023390104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9647875?tool=bestpractice.com 对于年轻女性来说,乳腺区放疗可能有发生乳腺癌的风险,因此 6 疗程的 R-CHOP-21 方案更好。 对于可能因唾液腺照射引起牙齿脱落的口腔卫生不良/龋齿患者,也应选择这种治疗方案。[50]Armitage JO. How I treat patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):29-36.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/110/1/29.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360935?tool=bestpractice.com
I-II 期肿块型(肿块直径大于 10 cm):6 个疗程 R-CHOP-21 方案联合受累部位放疗。[50]Armitage JO. How I treat patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):29-36.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/110/1/29.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360935?tool=bestpractice.com
III-IV期:6-8疗程的R-CHOP-21方案[51]Sehn LH, Donaldson J, Chanabhai M, et al. Introduction of combined CHOP plus rituximab therapy dramatically improved outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in British Columbia. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 1;23(22):5027-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15955905?tool=bestpractice.com
若无中枢神经系统(CNS)预防性治疗,多达 27%的高危患者会出现CNS 复发。[52]Arkenau HT, Chong G, Cunningham D, et al. The role of intrathecal chemotherapy prophylaxis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2007 Mar;18(3):541-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164228?tool=bestpractice.com CNS 复发的危险因素包括以下一个或多个因素:
HIV 呈阳性
Ⅲ 期或 Ⅳ 期疾病
睾丸、副鼻窦、硬膜外、肾上腺、肾脏或骨髓受累[53]Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, Nickelsen M, et al. CNS International Prognostic Index: a risk model for CNS relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 10;34(26):3150-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27382100?tool=bestpractice.com
累及多个结外部位和高 LDH。
对于这些患者,需要在全身化疗的同时给予鞘内甲氨蝶呤或鞘内阿糖胞苷进行CNS预防性治疗。甲氨蝶呤静脉预防性用药也可加以考虑。
利妥昔单抗、异环磷酰胺、卡铂,和依托泊苷(R-ICE)或利妥昔单抗、地塞米松、阿糖胞苷、顺铂(R-DHAP)或利妥昔单抗、吉西他滨、地塞米松和顺铂(R-GDP)可用于难治性疾病或 R-CHOP 之后复发的患者[54]Kewalramani T, Zelenetz AD, Nimer SD, et al. Rituximab and ICE as second-line therapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed or primary refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2004 May 15;103(10):3684-8.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/103/10/3684.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739217?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Gisselbrecht C, Glass B, Mounier N, et al. Salvage regimens with autologous transplantation for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4184-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664033/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660832?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Crump M, Kuruvilla J, Couban S, et al. Randomized comparison of gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin versus dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin chemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory aggressive lymphomas: NCIC-CTG LY.12. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 1;32(31):3490-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25267740?tool=bestpractice.com 在上述治疗后可序贯进行自体造血干细胞移植(如果基于患者年龄、健康状态及伴随疾病等评估患者是否能够耐受)。
建议所有患者在采用补救性用药时,例如 R-ICE,R-DHAP,或 R-GDP,化疗同时应给予粒细胞集落刺激因子(GCSF)。接受 R-CHOP 化疗的老年患者也应考虑给予预防性 GCSF。[57]Balducci L, Al-Halawani H, Charu V, et al. Elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy benefit from first-cycle pegfilgrastim. Oncologist. 2007 Dec;12(12):1416-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165618?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26169616?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤:原发纵膈的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤
R-CHOP通常联合或不联合受累野放疗进行采用。[59]Gleeson M, Hawkes EA, Cunningham D, et al. Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone (R-CHOP) in the management of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: a subgroup analysis of the UK NCRI R-CHOP 14 versus 21 trial. Br J Haematol. 2016 Nov;175(4):668-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27477167?tool=bestpractice.com 也可用一些类似CHOP的方案,联合或不联合放疗。这包括利妥昔单抗、依托泊苷、多柔比星、环磷酰胺、长春新碱、泼尼松和博莱霉素 (R-VACOP-B)或调节剂量的依托泊苷、泼尼松、长春新碱、环磷酰胺、多柔比星和利妥昔单抗(R-EPOCH)。[37]Vitolo U, Seymour JF, Martelli M, et al. Extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(suppl 5):v91-102.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/suppl_5/v91.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27377716?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤:原发中枢神经系统型淋巴瘤(PCNSL)
PCNSL 是一种具有侵袭性的 NHL,它可出现于大脑、软脑膜、脊髓、视网膜、玻璃体,以及偶发于视神经。虽然PCNSL少有全身播散,并且大部分肿瘤临床分期为IE期(一处结外受累),但其对化疗的治疗反应要较其他临床分期在IE以上的B细胞淋巴瘤差。
虽然 PCNSL 对放疗敏感,但反应通常是短暂的,因此,单独的全脑放疗(WBRT)不能被推荐为此疾病的一线治疗。所有临床上适合的患者都应接受化疗作为一线治疗。
大剂量甲氨蝶呤是首选的主干化疗药物。一些研究者认为患者在大剂量甲氨蝶呤获得缓解后可不需要进行放疗。在治疗中加用利妥昔单抗、大剂量阿糖胞苷,以及塞替派已被证明可以提高年轻、能够耐受的适合患者的生存率。[60]Ferreri AJ, Cwynarski K, Pulczynski E, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, and rituximab (MATRix regimen) in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the first randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 (IELSG32) phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 May;3(5):e217-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27132696?tool=bestpractice.com
同时加用鞘内化疗并不能改善生存。[61]Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Pasini F, et al. A multicenter study of treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology. 2002 May 28;58(10):1513-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12034789?tool=bestpractice.com 联合化疗方案与 WBRT 也被用于治疗 PCNSL。给予利妥昔单抗、甲氨蝶呤、甲基苄肼及长春新碱(R-MVP),而后按照23.4Gy (标准剂量为45Gy)给予减低剂量的放疗,以及阿糖胞苷巩固治疗,可提高治疗应答率,延长疾病控制时间,且神经毒性较小。[62]Morris PG, Correa DD, Yahalom J, et al. Rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine, and vincristine followed by consolidation reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy and cytarabine in newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: final results and long-term outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 1;31(31):3971-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569679/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101038?tool=bestpractice.com
接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤的患者需要给予叶酸补救治疗,以帮助预防其毒性。
侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤:原发渗出性淋巴瘤(PEL)/体腔型淋巴瘤
治疗方案包括CHOP。 由于PEL细胞为CD20阴性,因此利妥昔单抗无效。
对于HIV阳性患者在化疗的同时进行高活性抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAARP)是十分重要的。 未进行 HAART 治疗会导致生存较差。[63]Boulanger E, Gérard L, Gabarre J, et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of human herpesvirus 8-associated primary effusion lymphoma in patients with AIDS. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 1;23(19):4372-80.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/23/19/4372.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994147?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤:伯基特淋巴瘤及伯基特样淋巴瘤
新的多药强化化疗方案,如环磷酰胺、长春新碱、多柔比星,和地塞米松(hyper-CVAD)和环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱、甲氨蝶呤和叶酸钙(CODOX-M)/异环磷酰胺、依托泊苷,和阿糖胞苷(IVAC)可改善预后。在强化化疗方案中添加利妥昔单抗也可以提高无事件生存率。[64]Ribrag V, Koscielny S, Bosq J, et al. Rituximab and dose-dense chemotherapy for adults with Burkitt's lymphoma: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Jun 11;387(10036):2402-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080498?tool=bestpractice.com
这些患者也需在全身化疗的同时加用甲氨蝶呤或阿糖胞苷鞘内注射预防中枢神经系统复发。
侵袭性B细胞淋巴瘤: 套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)
没有标准的一线治疗方案。
如果可能患者应加入到临床试验中。 如果没有临床试验,可依据患者的体能状态、伴随疾病、年龄及治疗需求进行个体化治疗。
MCL对化疗 (R-CHOP,CHOP,hyper-CVAD及硼替佐米) 有治疗反应,但通常会复发。[65]Howard OM, Gribben JG, Neuber DS, et al. Rituximab and CHOP induction therapy for newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma: molecular complete responses are not predictive of progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 1;20(5):1288-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11870171?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Lenz G, Dreyling M, Hoster E, et al. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone significantly improves response and time to treatment failure, but not long-term outcome in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1984-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15668467?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Khouri IF, Romaguera J, Kantarjian H, et al. Hyper-CVAD and high-dose methotrexate/cytarabine followed by stem-cell transplantation: an active regimen for aggressive mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Dec;16(12):3803-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850025?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Fisher RI, Bernstein SH, Kahl BS, et al. Multicenter phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 20;24(30):4867-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17001068?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗方案根据情况有所不同,从进行以阿糖胞苷为基础的化疗,而后进行自体移植巩固治疗的激进性路径,到更为姑息的治疗路径,取决于患者对治疗的反应、年龄,和共病。[69]Geisler CH, Kolstad A, Laurell A, et al; Nordic Lymphoma Group. Long-term progression-free survival of mantle cell lymphoma after intensive front-line immunochemotherapy with in vivo-purged stem cell rescue: a nonrandomized phase 2 multicenter study by the Nordic Lymphoma Group. Blood. 2008 Oct 1;112(7):2687-93.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556606/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625886?tool=bestpractice.com
包括利妥昔单抗在内的一线治疗,已被证实能够改善老年 MCL 患者的生存。[70]Griffiths R, Mikhael J, Gleeson M, et al. Addition of rituximab to chemotherapy alone as first-line therapy improves overall survival in elderly patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011 Nov 3;118(18):4808-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208292/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873544?tool=bestpractice.com 对于患有 MCL 的年轻患者,已经显示用初始R-CHOP /基于阿糖胞苷的化疗方案治疗,然后进行自体移植优于单独的R-CHOP。[71]Hermine O, Hoster E, Walewski J, et al. Addition of high-dose cytarabine to immunochemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients aged 65 years or younger with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL Younger): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network. Lancet. 2016 Aug 6;388(10044):565-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27313086?tool=bestpractice.com
对于不适合移植的老年患者,与R-CHOP化疗相比,诸如利妥昔单抗加苯达莫司汀和硼替佐米、利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、多柔比星和泼尼松龙(VR-CAP)的治疗选择已显示与改善的无进展生存期相关。[72]Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 6;381(9873):1203-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433739?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Robak T, Huang H, Jin J, et al. Bortezomib-based therapy for newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 5;372(10):944-53.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1412096http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25738670?tool=bestpractice.com 与干扰素维持治疗相比,老年患者R-CHOP诱导后的利妥昔单抗维持治疗已显示出对总体生存率的改善(4年生存率分别为87%和63%;p = 0.005),但新诱导化疗方案给予后是否会有相同的获益,尚不清楚。[74]Kluin-Nelemans HC, Hoster E, Hermine O, et al. Treatment of older patients with mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Aug 9;367(6):520-31.http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1200920http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22873532?tool=bestpractice.com
对于复发性疾病患者,可考虑使用苯达莫司汀和利妥昔单抗等药物,联合或不联合阿糖胞苷,进行挽救性化疗。[75]Robinson KS, Williams ME, van der Jagt RH, et al. Phase II multicenter study of bendamustine plus rituximab in patients with relapsed indolent B-cell and mantle cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep 20;26(27):4473-9.[76]Visco C, Finotto S, Zambello R, et al. Combination of rituximab, bendamustine, and cytarabine for patients with mantle-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma ineligible for intensive regimens or autologous transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 10;31(11):1442-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401442?tool=bestpractice.com
另外,已经批准用于该情况的新药包括硼替佐米、来那度胺、伊布替尼和西罗莫司,在进行高强度预处理的群体中具有令人鼓舞的总体应答率,波动于30%到70%之间。[68]Fisher RI, Bernstein SH, Kahl BS, et al. Multicenter phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 20;24(30):4867-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17001068?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Wang ML, Rule S, Martin P, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 8;369(6):507-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513941/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782157?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Goy A, Sinha R, Williams ME, et al. Single-agent lenalidomide in patients with mantle-cell lymphoma who relapsed or progressed after or were refractory to bortezomib: phase II MCL-001 (EMERGE) study. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Oct 10;31(29):3688-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879693/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24002500?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Hess G, Herbrecht R, Romaguera J, et al. Phase III study to evaluate temsirolimus compared with investigator's choice therapy for the treatment of relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 10;27(23):3822-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19581539?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Dreyling M, Jurczak W, Jerkeman M, et al. Ibrutinib versus temsirolimus in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma: an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2016 Feb 20;387(10020):770-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673811?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Trneny M, Lamy T, Walewski J, et al.Lenalidomide versus investigator's choice in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL-002; SPRINT): a phase 2, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Mar;17(3):319-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26899778?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性T细胞淋巴瘤:肠病型T细胞淋巴瘤/肠道T细胞淋巴瘤
常用的全身治疗为CHOP方案,但许多患者因身体状态差无法耐受化疗。[82]Di Sabatino A, Biagi F, Gobbi PG, et al. How I treat enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2012 Mar 15;119(11):2458-68.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/119/11/2458.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271451?tool=bestpractice.com 作为自体移植候选者的患者也可在第一次缓解中获益于该方案。[83]Jantunen E, Boumendil A, Finel H, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective study by the EBMT. Blood. 2013 Mar 28;121(13):2529-32.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/121/13/2529.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23361910?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性T细胞淋巴瘤:周围T细胞淋巴瘤-非特指型
最为常用的化疗方案为CHOP方案。但联合依托泊苷可进一步提高应答率。大剂量巩固治疗/自体干细胞移植治疗后,接受6个周期CHOP治疗加依托泊苷诱导完全或部分缓解的患者中,44%获得长期无进展生存(5年)(≥60岁的患者不给予依托泊苷)。[84]d'Amore F, Relander T, Lauritzsen GF, et al. Up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: NLG-T-01. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3093-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851556?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for the treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.425/full显示答案 有报道应用普拉曲沙或罗米地辛进行挽救治疗。[85]Kaminski MS, Tuck M, Estes J, et al. Tositumomab and iodine I-131 tositumomab for previously untreated, advanced-stage, follicular lymphoma: median 10 year follow-up results. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2009;114:3759.[86]O'Connor OA, Pro B, Pinter-Brown L, et al. Pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: Results from the pivotal PROPEL study. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 20;29(9):1182-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21245435?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性T细胞淋巴瘤:皮下脂腺炎样外周T细胞淋巴瘤
最为常用的化疗方案为CHOP方案。
侵袭性T细胞淋巴瘤:系统性间变性大T细胞淋巴瘤
给予CHOP治疗,联合或不联合依托泊苷,并在间变性淋巴瘤激酶阴性病例首次缓解时考虑自体移植。[84]d'Amore F, Relander T, Lauritzsen GF, et al. Up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: NLG-T-01. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3093-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851556?tool=bestpractice.com
侵袭性T细胞淋巴瘤:血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤
皮质激素对部分患者有效。[87]Siegert W, Nerl C, Agthe A, et al. Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD)-type T-cell lymphoma: prognostic impact of clinical observations and laboratory findings at presentation. Ann Oncol. 1995 Sep;6(7):659-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8664186?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,对于首次缓解的适用患者,应考虑采取联合CHOP的自体移植。[84]d'Amore F, Relander T, Lauritzsen GF, et al. Up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: NLG-T-01. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3093-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851556?tool=bestpractice.com
惰性B细胞淋巴瘤:滤泡性淋巴瘤
目前还没有滤泡性淋巴瘤标准一线治疗方法。
治疗方案取决于患者的疾病分期、临床症状及其所患共病,从观察期待到积极治疗,各不相同。
对于局限性病变(I-II期):受累野放疗可使50%的患者获得10-20年的无病生存。
对于晚期疾病 (Ⅲ 期或 Ⅳ 期疾病):
对于无症状的患者,可以考虑观察期待。[88]Brice P, Bastion Y, Lepage E, et al. Comparison in low-tumor-burden follicular lymphomas between an initial no-treatment policy, prednimustine, or interferon alfa: a randomized study from the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):1110-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9060552?tool=bestpractice.com
在无症状Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期滤泡性淋巴瘤患者中,将利妥昔单抗治疗与观察期待进行对比;发现接受利妥昔单抗治疗的患者疾病无进展间期延长,并且距离启动细胞毒药物化疗的时间延长。但是,对总体生存并无影响。[89]Ardeshna KM, Qian W, Smith P, et al. Rituximab versus a watch-and-wait approach in patients with advanced-stage, asymptomatic, non-bulky follicular lymphoma: an open-label randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Apr;15(4):424-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24602760?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有症状的患者,联合化疗如CVP(环磷酰胺、长春新碱、泼尼松龙)加利妥昔单抗(R-CVP),或R-CHOP-21可用于有症状的滤泡性淋巴瘤患者。[90]Federico M, Luminari S, Dondi A, et al. R-CVP versus R-CHOP versus R-FM for the initial treatment of patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma: results of the FOLL05 trial conducted by the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 20;31(12):1506-13.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.0866http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23530110?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Luminari S, Ferrari A, Manni M, et al. Long-term results of the FOLL05 trial comparing R-CVP versus R-CHOP versus R-FM for the initial treatment of patients with advanced-stage symptomatic follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;36(7):689-96.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.0866http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095677?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Jäger G, Quehenberger F, Linkesch W, et al. CHOP chemotherapy followed by Rituximab consolidation as first line treatment in patients with follicular lymphoma: long-term follow-up of a phase 2 trial. Eur J Haematol. 2007 May;78(5):453-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17419745?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Buske C, Kneba M, Lengfelder E, et al. Front line combined immuno-chemotherapy (R-CHOP) significantly improves the time to treatment failure and overall survival in elderly patients with advanced stage follicular lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Blood. 2006;108:146a (abstract 482).[94]Cheung MC, Haynes AE, Meyer RM, et al. Rituximab in lymphoma: a systematic review and consensus practice guideline from Cancer Care Ontario. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007 Apr;33(2):161-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240533?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Marcus R, Imrie K, Solal-Celigny P, et al. Phase III study of R-CVP compared with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone alone in patients with previously untreated advanced follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 1;26(28):4579-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18662969?tool=bestpractice.com对于这种联合治疗有效的患者可给予单药利妥昔单抗维持治疗。[96]Hochster H, Weller E, Gascoyne RD, et al. Maintenance rituximab after cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone prolongs progression-free survival in advanced indolent lymphoma: results of the randomized phase III ECOG1496 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 1;27(10):1607-14.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668968/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255334?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Salles G, Seymour JF, Offner F, et al. Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Jan 1;377(9759):42-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176949?tool=bestpractice.com 也可以考虑将苯达莫司汀与利妥昔单抗联合用药作为滤泡性淋巴瘤的一线选择。对 514 例以惰性淋巴瘤为主的患者开展了一项试验,苯达莫司汀联合利妥昔单抗组的无进展生存期为 69.5 个月,优于 R-CHOP,后者为 31.2 个月。[72]Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 6;381(9873):1203-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433739?tool=bestpractice.com
对于老年患者及伴随严重合并症的患者,单药利妥昔单抗是很好的姑息治疗选择。也可以考虑R-CVP,或苯达莫司汀加利妥昔单抗。
复发/难治的惰性 B 细胞淋巴瘤:滤泡性淋巴瘤
R-CHOP-21方案并应用单药利妥昔单抗维持治疗能够改善总体生存。[98]van Oers MH, Klasa R, Marcus RE, et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3295-301.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/10/3295.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873669?tool=bestpractice.com 苯达莫司汀联合利妥昔单抗或阿托珠单抗[72]Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 6;381(9873):1203-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433739?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Sehn LH, Chua N, Mayer J, et al. Obinutuzumab plus bendamustine versus bendamustine monotherapy in patients with rituximab-refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (GADOLIN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Aug;17(8):1081-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27345636?tool=bestpractice.com[100]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obinutuzumab with bendamustine for treating follicular lymphoma refractory to rituximab. Aug 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta472 来那度胺加利妥昔单抗[101]Leonard JP, Jung SH, Johnson J, et al. Randomized trial of lenalidomide alone versus lenalidomide plus rituximab in patients with recurrent follicular lymphoma: CALGB 50401 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2015 Nov 1;33(31):3635-40.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4622102/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26304886?tool=bestpractice.com也可加以考虑。
其他经过临床实验的治疗方案包括:
氟达拉滨加利妥昔单抗[102]Czuczman MS, Koryzna A, Mohr A, et al. Rituximab in combination with fludarabine chemotherapy in low-grade or follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):694-704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15681517?tool=bestpractice.com
氟达拉滨加米托蒽醌加地塞米松加利妥昔单抗并进行自体干细胞移植。[103]Hagemeister FB, McLaughlin P, Fayad L. Rituximab, fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (R-FND) for relapsed indolent lymphomas (RIL). Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2005;106:Abstract 941.
需要注意的是,氟达拉滨会抑制CD4+及CD8+细胞,增加真菌、疱疹和卡氏肺孢子耶氏菌(PCP)感染的风险。患者需应用甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑预防PCP。[104]McLaughlin P, Hagemeister FB, Romaguera JE, et al. Fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone: an effective new regimen for indolent lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Apr;14(4):1262-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8648382?tool=bestpractice.com
放射免疫治疗(RIT)可作为既往重度治疗患者的挽救治疗方案。[105]Fisher RI, Kaminski MS, Wahl RL, et al. Tositumomab and iodine-131 tositumomab produces durable complete remissions in a subset of heavily pretreated patients with low-grade and transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 20;23(30):7565-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16186600?tool=bestpractice.com RIT也可作为一线治疗方案。[106]Kaminski MS, Tuck M, Estes J, et al. 131I-tositumomab therapy as initial treatment for follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 3;352(5):441-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa041511http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689582?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Coiffier B, Pro B, Prince HM, et al. Final results from a pivotal, multicenter, international, open-label, phase 2 study of romidepsin in progressive or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) following prior systemic therapy. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2010;116:114. 也可作为初次缓解后的强化治疗。[108]Morschhauser F, Radford J, Van Hoof A, et al. Phase III trial of consolidation therapy with yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan compared with no additional therapy after first remission in advanced follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5156-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854568?tool=bestpractice.com
耐药/复发滤泡性患者应用利妥昔单抗进行维持治疗已被证明能够延长无进展生存期。但是对总体生存无影响。[109]van Oers MHJ, Van Glabbeke M, Giurgea L, et al. Rituximab maintenance treatment of relapsed/resistant follicular non-hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term outcome of the EORTC 20981 phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jun 10;28(17):2853-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903319/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439641?tool=bestpractice.com
艾代拉里斯(一种磷脂酰肌醇 3 激酶抑制剂)已被批准用于治疗既往至少接受 2 种全身性治疗后复发的滤泡型 B 细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤。对于既往接受过高强度预处理(既往治疗的中位值为 4)的惰性淋巴瘤患者,艾代拉里斯能够迅速起效(中位起效时间为 1.9 个月),总应答率为 57%,中位反应维持时间为 12.5 个月,中位无进展生存期为 11 个月。[110]Gopal AK, Kahl BS, de Vos S, et al. PI3Kδ inhibition by idelalisib in patients with relapsed indolent lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 13;370(11):1008-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039496/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24450858?tool=bestpractice.com
美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 已经发布一项警示,在临床试验中,艾代拉里斯与感染有关的不良反应风险增加,包括死亡。相关试验已停止,FDA 正在审查试验结果。[111]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA alerts healthcare professionals about clinical trials with Zydelig (idelalisib) in combination with other cancer medicines. Mar 2016 [internet publication].http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm490618.htm 这些试验并未按当前获批的方法用药。为尽可能确保药物安全的使用,欧洲药品管理局向医生发布了建议,包括使用预防性抗生素来预防金罗维氏肺孢子菌肺炎,并通过定期血液检查来监测白细胞计数。他们还建议全身性感染的患者不应当开始艾代拉里斯治疗。[112]European Medicines Agency. PRAC concludes review of Zydelig and issues updated recommendations for use. Jul 2016 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2016/07/WC500209936.pdf
惰性B细胞淋巴瘤:边缘区淋巴瘤(MZL),胃黏膜相关性淋巴组织淋巴瘤(MALT)。
胃 MALT 淋巴瘤与微生物抗原幽门螺杆菌有关。
幽门螺旋杆菌 相关的胃部MALT淋巴瘤:抗生素治疗有可能逆转。[113]Montalban C, Santon A, Boixeda D, et al. Treatment of low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in stage I with Helicobacter pylori eradication: long-term results after sequential histologic and molecular follow-up. Haematologica. 2001 Jun;86(6):609-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11418369?tool=bestpractice.com
抗生素耐药的MALT淋巴瘤:t(11;18)易位可能提示肿瘤为抗生素耐药。抗生素耐药肿瘤可应用受累野放疗(30-33Gy)。RT 目前是局部 MALT 淋巴瘤的标准治疗。肿瘤也可能对利妥昔单抗有治疗反应。结节型MZL较MALT生存差。
抗生素耐药且具有放疗禁忌的MALT淋巴瘤:肿瘤可能对利妥昔单抗有治疗反应。[114]Chaudhary N, Ozer H, Huard D. Successful treatment of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric MALT lymphoma with rituximab. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Apr;51(4):775-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615002?tool=bestpractice.com
原发性脾 MZL:治疗方案包括利妥昔单抗或脾切除术。
也可以考虑苯达莫司汀加利妥昔单抗治疗 MZL。[72]Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 6;381(9873):1203-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433739?tool=bestpractice.com
原发皮肤型B细胞淋巴瘤
这些B细胞淋巴瘤相对少见(约占皮肤所有原发性淋巴瘤的20%)且为异质性疾病。对于局限性肿瘤,若孤立病变可采取手术切除,若包含在一个治疗区域可采取放疗治疗。一些合并广泛或毁容性病变的患者可能需要利妥昔单抗治疗,联合或不联合化疗。
惰性 T 细胞淋巴瘤:蕈样肉芽肿/Sezary综合征
治疗主要是为了改善症状。 治疗方案的选择基于临床分期及合并症。 通常这些治疗是按顺序进行的,对于联合治疗尚无充分研究。
IA 期(小于体表面积的 10%)及 IB 期(大于体表面积的 10%)仅包括斑片和斑块;IIA 期包括病理检查为阴性的肿大淋巴结。
治疗上应用皮质类固醇或其他局部药物(氮芥或卡莫司汀)、紫外线 B (UVB) 光疗后以补骨脂素加紫外线 A (PUVA)、电子束放射治疗,或同时进行上述治疗。治疗选择取决于患者的治疗反应及治疗中心的倾向性。[115]Hymes KB. Choices in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007 Feb;21(2 suppl 1):18-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17474355?tool=bestpractice.com 对于早期的患者应用体外光分离置换法可能会更好,但目前尚需要进一步研究来证实其在IA/IB及IIA期患者中的疗效。[116]Miller JD, Kirkland EB, Domingo DS, et al. Review of extracorporeal photopheresis in early-stage (IA, IB, and IIA) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007 Oct;23(5):163-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803594?tool=bestpractice.com
难治的IA/IB/IIA期及IIB期(皮肤肿瘤)、III期(伴外周血中可见恶性淋巴细胞的红皮病)及IVA、IVB(淋巴结病理累及,伴或不伴有内脏受累)可试用二线治疗药物。 优先选择干扰素a、PUVA、UVB、口服的贝沙罗汀及小剂量的甲氨蝶呤。 其他可选的治疗方案包括伏立诺他、罗米地辛、大剂量甲氨蝶呤及光分离置换法。
贝沙罗汀是一种口服抗肿瘤药物,其对皮肤型T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗反应率高达44%-55%,并且其耐受性较好,主要毒性有中央甲状腺功能减退症及高脂血症。[117]Duvic M, Hymes K, Heald P, et al. Bexarotene is effective and safe for treatment of refractory advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: multinational phase II-III trial results. J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 1;19(9):2456-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11331325?tool=bestpractice.com 组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂伏立诺他及罗米地辛已经被 FDA 批准用于治疗两线方案耐药的患者,其他同类药物治疗T细胞淋巴瘤目前仍在进行临床试验。[118]Pohlman B, Advani R, Duvic M, et al. Final results of a phase II trial of belinostat (PXD101) in patients with recurrent or refractory peripheral or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2009;114:920.[119]Piekarz RL, Frye R, Turner M, et al. Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5410-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2773225/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826128?tool=bestpractice.com 伏立诺他目前尚未在欧洲获批。
对于一线及二线治疗方案耐药的疾病早期患者及对一线治疗耐药的IIB/III/IV期患者,可以尝试化疗。
一种治疗方案是以单药开始,后续进行多药联合化疗。[115]Hymes KB. Choices in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007 Feb;21(2 suppl 1):18-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17474355?tool=bestpractice.com
也可应用阿伦单抗(一种CD52单克隆抗体)、干扰素α、烷化剂(如卡氮芥)、甲氨蝶呤、脂质体阿霉素、氟达拉滨、喷司他丁及吉西他滨,其治疗应答率由50%到88%不等,但是其疗效维持时间较短且无法治愈。普拉曲沙最近已被 FDA 批准用于外周T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗,并且在蕈样肉芽肿/Sezary综合征治疗中也有疗效。[120]Horwitz SM, Kim YH, Foss FM, et al. Identification of an active, well-tolerated dose of pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): final results of a multicenter dose-finding study. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2010;116:2800.
惰性T细胞淋巴瘤:原发皮肤的间变性大T细胞淋巴瘤
对于局部疾病的治疗多采用切除(小范围局限性肿瘤)或放疗(大范围局限性肿瘤)。 最终当疾病扩散至引流淋巴结及系统型播散时,可应用以CHOP为基础的化疗方案。
支持性治疗
建议所有患者在采用补救性用药时,例如 R-ICE,或 R-DHAP,化疗同时应给予粒细胞集落刺激因子(GCSF)。[1]Armitage JO. Treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 8;328(14):1023-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8450856?tool=bestpractice.com 接受 R-CHOP 化疗的老年患者也应考虑给予预防性 GCSF。[57]Balducci L, Al-Halawani H, Charu V, et al. Elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy benefit from first-cycle pegfilgrastim. Oncologist. 2007 Dec;12(12):1416-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165618?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26169616?tool=bestpractice.com
任何在化疗过程中出现严重粒细胞缺乏的患者都需给予预防性应用抗生素。
接受大剂量环磷酰胺或异环磷酰胺化疗的患者需给予美司钠以预防出血性膀胱炎。
对于可能发生CNS复发的高危DLBCL患者需要给予鞘内注射甲氨蝶呤或阿糖胞苷进行CNS预防性治疗。