案例
一名 38 岁女性过去曾尝试减肥但没有成功,很高兴地发现在过去两个月内体重减轻了大约 11 kg(25 磅)。她也有夜间睡眠障碍。她的丈夫抱怨说,她总是把房屋的温度调得很低。最近她因为眼睛发红和流泪咨询了她的眼科医生。使用滴眼液不能缓解症状。她因为乏力和焦虑、心悸以及易疲劳而咨询过医生。体格检查发现,她的脉率为 100 次/分,甲状腺轻度肿大。结膜发红,眼睛凝视。
其他表现
老年患者可能相对无症状,但可能通常会出现体重下降、心房颤动或肌病。[7]Boelaert K, Torlinska B, Holder RL, et al. Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs – a large cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2715-26.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2009-2495http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392869?tool=bestpractice.com 有些患者不会出现甲状腺增大。女性可能出现月经改变,例如月经过少。[8]Krassas GE. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Fertil Steril. 2000 Dec;74(6):1063-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11119728?tool=bestpractice.com 男性可能出现乳房发育。患者可能在没有充血性心力衰竭情况下出现下肢水肿或呼吸困难。[9]Goswami R, Guleria R, Gupta AK, et al. Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;147(3):299-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12213666?tool=bestpractice.com 一些患者可能在发生甲状腺功能亢进症状前出现眼病。有亚临床 Graves 病的患者可能表现出轻度症状或无症状,血清 TSH 低于正常水平,游离甲状腺激素水平正常。[10]Mitchell AL, Pearce SH. How should we treat patients with low serum thyrotropin concentrations? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Mar;72(3):292-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744106?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Col NF, Surks MI, Daniels GH. Subclinical thyroid disease: clinical applications. JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):239-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722151?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Klain M, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Jan;152(1):1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15762182?tool=bestpractice.com 甲状腺功能正常的 Graves 病患者可出现眼病或出现皮肤病和眼病两者,但甲状腺功能检测正常。[2]Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1552-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797318?tool=bestpractice.com 患者可能既有自身免疫性甲状腺炎(桥本病)引起的甲状腺功能减退,又有 Graves 病的甲状腺外表现,如眼眶病、皮肤病或杵状指。[13]Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, et al. Clinical features of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Mar;121(3):284-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8597271?tool=bestpractice.com 皮肤病和/或杵状指几乎总是伴有眼眶病。罕见情况下,患者可出现甲状腺毒性周期性麻痹。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 眼睑回缩、轻度眼球突出和轻度球结膜水肿Vahab Fatourechi 医生提供 [Citation ends].