Graves 病

Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1552-65.

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Fatourechi V. Pretibial myxedema: pathophysiology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(5):295-309.

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Col NF, Surks MI, Daniels GH. Subclinical thyroid disease: clinical applications. JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):239-43.

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Bartalena L, Marocci C, Tanda ML, et al. An update on medical management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 May;28(5):469-78.

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Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs in the management of patients with Graves' disease: an evidence-based approach to therapeutic controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3474-81.

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Sisson JC, Freitas J, McDougall IR, et al; American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Radioiodine Safety. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2011 Apr;21(4):335-46.

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1.  Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Liparulo L, et al. Prevalence and natural history of Graves' orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed graves' hyperthyroidism seen at a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Apr;98(4):1443-9.

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2.  Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1552-65.

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3.  Prabhakar BS, Bahn RS, Smith TJ. Current perspective on the pathogenesis of Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy. Endocrine Rev. 2003 Dec;24(6):802-35.

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4.  Bahn RS. Pathogenesis of Graves ophthalmopathy: the role of orbital thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor expression. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2003 Oct;10(5):353-6.

5.  Fatourechi V. Pretibial myxedema: pathophysiology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(5):295-309.

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6.  Eckstein AK, Johnson KT, Thanos M, et al. Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Jun;41(6):456-64.

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7.  Boelaert K, Torlinska B, Holder RL, et al. Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs – a large cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2715-26.

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8.  Krassas GE. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Fertil Steril. 2000 Dec;74(6):1063-70.

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9.  Goswami R, Guleria R, Gupta AK, et al. Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;147(3):299-303.

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10.  Mitchell AL, Pearce SH. How should we treat patients with low serum thyrotropin concentrations? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Mar;72(3):292-6.

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11.  Col NF, Surks MI, Daniels GH. Subclinical thyroid disease: clinical applications. JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):239-43.

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12.  Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Klain M, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Jan;152(1):1-9.

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13.  Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, et al. Clinical features of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Mar;121(3):284-90.

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14.  Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995 Jul;43(1):55-68.

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15.  Wiersinga WM, Bartalena L. Epidemiology and prevention of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2002Oct;12(10):855-60.

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16.  Laurberg P, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, et al. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: status and perspectives. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;155(2):219-28.

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17.  Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, et al. Chronology of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Apr;121(4):426-34.

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18.  Tunbridge WM, Evered DE, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: The Wickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977 Dec;7(6):481-93.

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19.  Nyström HF, Jansson S, Berg G. Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a long-term iodine sufficient area of Sweden (Gothenburg) 2003-2005. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 May;78(5):768-76.

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20.  Zhyzhneuskaya S, Addison C, Tsatlidis V, et al. The natural history of subclinical hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease: the rule of thirds. Thyroid. 2016 Jun;26(6):765-9.

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21.  Lazarus JH. Epidemiology of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;26(3):273-9.

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22.  Fatourechi V, Pajouhi M, Fransway AF. Dermopathy of Graves disease (pretibial myxedema): review of 150 cases. Medicine. 1994 Jan;73(1):1-7.

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23.  Abraham-Nordling M, Byström K, Törring O, et al. Incidence of hyperthyroidism in Sweden. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Dec;165(6):899-905.

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24.  Perros P, Žarković M, Azzolini C, et al. PREGO (presentation of Graves' orbitopathy) study: changes in referral patterns to European Group On Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) centres over the period from 2000 to 2012. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015 Nov;99(11):1531-5.

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25.  Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. Techniques to quantify TSH receptor antibodies. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;4(8):461-8.

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26.  Ando T, Latif R, Davies TF. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: new insights into their actions and clinical relevance. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;19(1):33-52.

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27.  Franklyn JA, Boelaert K. Thyrotoxicosis. Lancet. 2012 Mar 24;379(9821):1155-66.

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28.  Carlé A, Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, et al. Graves' hyperthyroidism and moderate alcohol consumption: evidence for disease prevention. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Jul;79(1):111-9.

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29.  Wiersinga WM. Smoking and thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Aug;79(2):145-51.

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30.  Fatourechi V, Garrity JA, Bartley GB, et al. Orbital decompression in Graves' ophthalmopathy associated with pretibial myxedema. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993 Jun;16(6):433-7.

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31.  Bahn RS. TSH receptor expression in orbital tissue and its role in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004 Mar;27(3):216-20.

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32.  Smith TJ, Hegedüs L, Douglas RS. Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway in the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;26(3):291-302.

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33.  Gianoukakis AG, Smith TJ. Recent insights into the pathogenesis and management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Oct;15(5):446-52.

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34.  Bahn RS. The fibroblast is the target cell in the connective tissue manifestations of Graves' disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1995 Mar;106(3):213-8.

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35.  Kumar S, Coenen MJ, Scherer PE, et al. Evidence for enhanced adipogenesis in the orbits of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):930-5.

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36.  Perros P, Neoh C, Dickinson J. Thyroid eye disease. BMJ. 2009 Mar 6;338:b560.

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37.  Cawood TJ, Moriarty P, O'Farrelly C, et al. Smoking and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: A novel explanation of the biological link. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):59-64.

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38.  Lazarus JH. Lithium and thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;23(6):723-33.

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39.  Carella C, Mazziotti G, Amato G, et al. Clinical review 169: interferon-a-related thyroid disease: pathophysiological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3656-61.

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40.  Ahmadieh H, Salti I. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors induced thyroid dysfunction: a review of its incidence, pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and treatment. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:725410.

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41.  Torino F, Barnabei A, Paragliola R, et al. Thyroid dysfunction as an unintended side effect of anticancer drugs. Thyroid. 2013 Nov;23(11):1345-66.

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42.  Illés A, Bíró E, Miltényi Z, et al. Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis after therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Acta Haematol. 2003;109(1):11-7.

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43.  Nygaard B, Faber J, Veje A, et al. Transition of nodular toxic goiter to autoimmune hyperthyroidism triggered by I-131 therapy. Thyroid. 1999 May;9(5):477-81.

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44.  Nygaard B, Metcalfe RA, Phipps J, et al. Graves' disease and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy triggered by 131I treatment of non-toxic goiter. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 Jun;22(6):481-5.

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45.  Hovens GC, Heemstra KA, Buiting AM, et al. Induction of stimulating thyrotropin receptor antibodies after radioiodine therapy for toxic multinodular goitre and Graves' disease measured with a novel bioassay. Nucl Med Commun. 2007 Feb;28(2):123-7.

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46.  Mizokami T, Wu Li A, El-Kaissi S, Wall JR. Stress and thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid. 2004 Dec;14(12):1047-55.

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47.  Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ. 2006 Jun 10;332(7554):1369-73.

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48.  Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002 Nov-Dec;8(6):457-69.

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49.  Bojarska-Szmygin A, Janicki K, Pietura R, et al. Changes in TSH receptor antibody levels (TRAb) as markers of effectiveness of various therapies in Graves-Basedow's disease. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 2003;58(1):248-53.

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50.  Orgiazzi J. Anti-TSH receptor antibodies in clinical practice. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000 Jun;29(2):339-55.

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51.  Rubello D, et al. Prognostic value of anti-TSH receptor antibodies assay in 85 patients treated for Graves' disease. The thyroid gland, environment and autoimmunity: proceedings of the International Symposium on Thyroid Gland, Environment & Autoimmunity, 1989. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1990:263-8.

52.  Amino N, Yabu Y, Miki T, et al. Serum ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and thyroxine-binding globulin and calcitonin concentration in Graves' disease and destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 Jul;53(1):113-6.

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53.  Yoshimura Noh J, Momotani N, Fukada S, et al. Ratio of serum free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine in Graves' hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis caused by painless thyroiditis. Endocr J. 2005 Oct;52(5):537-42.

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54.  Sriphrapradang C, Bhasipol A. Differentiating Graves' disease from subacute thyroiditis using ratio of serum free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2016 Aug 8;10:69-72.

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55.  Shigemasa C, Abe K, Taniguchi S, et al. Lower serum free thyroxine (T4) levels in painless thyroiditis compared with Graves' disease despite similar serum total T4 levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 Aug;65(2):359-63.

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56.  Bogazzi F, Vitti P. Could improved ultrasound and power Doppler replace thyroidal radioiodine uptake to assess thyroid disease? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb;4(2):70-1.

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57.  Bartalena L, Marocci C, Tanda ML, et al. An update on medical management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 May;28(5):469-78.

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58.  Schwartz KM, Fatourechi V, Ahmed DD, et al. Dermopathy of Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema): long-term outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;87(2):438-46.

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59.  Fatourechi V, Ahmed DDF, Schwartz KM. Thyroid acropachy: report of 40 patients treated at a single institution in a 26-year period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5435-41.

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60.  Anagnostis P, Boboridis K, Adamidou F, et al. Natural course of mild Graves' orbitopathy: is it a chronic remitting or a transient disease? J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Mar;40(3):257-61.

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61.  Mitchell AL, Goss L, Mathiopoulou L, et al. Diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy (DiaGO): results of a pilot study to assess the utility of an office tool for practicing endocrinologists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Mar;100(3):E458-62.

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62.  Perros P, Dayan CM, Dickinson AJ, et al. Management of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: initial assessment, management outside specialised centres and referral pathways. Clin Med (Lond). 2015 Apr;15(2):173-8.

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63.  Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, et al. The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy guidelines for the management of Graves' orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J. 2016 Mar;5(1):9-26.

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64.  Rose Jr JG, Burkat CN, Boxrud CA. Diagnosis and management of thyroid orbitopathy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2005 Oct;38(5):1043-74.

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65.  Bartalena L, Hennemann G. Graves' disease: complications. Thyroid Disease Manager. February 2014 [internet publication].

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66.  Jabbour SA. Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders: a guide for dermatologists. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(5):315-31.

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67.  British Thyroid Association. UK guidelines for the use of thyroid function tests. June 2006 [internet publication].

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68.  Refetoff S, Dumitrescu AM. Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: genetic defects in hormone receptors, cell transporters and deiodination. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;21(2):277-305.

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69.  Lazarus JH. Thyroid disorders associated with pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Treatment Endocrinol. 2005;4(1):31-41.

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70.  Hershman JM. The role of human chorionic gonadotropin as a thyroid stimulator in normal pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3305-6.

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71.  Izumi Y, Hidaka Y, Tada H, et al. Simple and practical parameters for differentiation between destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis and Graves' thyrotoxicosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002 Jul;57(1):51-8.

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72.  Losa M, Giovanelli M, Persani L, et al. Criteria of cure and follow-up of central hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Aug;81(8):3084-90.

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73.  Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L, Mantovani S, et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Metab Clin Exp. 1996 Aug;45(8 Suppl 1):75-9.

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74.  Sanno N, Teramoto A, Osamura RY. Long-term surgical outcome in 16 patients with thyrotropin pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2000 Aug;93(2):194-200.

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75.  Elston MS, Sehgal S, Du Toit S, et al. Factitious Graves' disease due to biotin immunoassay interference - a case and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Sep;101(9):3251-5.

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76.  Mariotti S, Martino E, Cupini C, et al. Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis factitia. N Engl J Med. 1982 Aug 12;307(7):410-2.

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77.  Helfand M. Subclinical hyperthyroidism detected by screening: look before you treat. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Feb 1;65(3):389-90.

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78.  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: thyroid dysfunction - screening. March 2015 [internet publication].

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79.  Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs in the management of patients with Graves' disease: an evidence-based approach to therapeutic controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3474-81.

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80.  Weber KJ, Solorzano CC, Lee JK, et al. Thyroidectomy remains an effective treatment option for Graves' disease. Am J Surg. 2006 Mar;191(3):400-5.

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81.  Hegedüs L. Treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism: evidence-based and emerging modalities. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2009 Jun;38(2):355-71.

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82.  Sherman SI, Simonson L, Ladenson PW. Clinical and socioeconomic predispositions to complicated thyrotoxicosis: a predictable and preventable syndrome? Am J Med. 1996 Aug;101(2):192-8.

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83.  Hayek A. Thyroid storm following radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis. J Pediatr. 1978 Dec;93(6):978-80.

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84.  McDermott MT, Kidd GS, Dodson LE Jr, et al. Radioiodine-induced thyroid storm. Case report and literature review. Am J Med. 1983 Aug;75(2):353-9.

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85.  Chiha M, Samarasinghe S, Kabaker AS. Thyroid storm: an updated review. J Intensive Care Med. 2015 Mar;30(3):131-40.

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86.  Turner BC. Thyroid emergencies part 1: Thyroid storm. CPD J Acute Med. 2004;3:93-5.

87.  Vijayakumar V, Nusynowitz ML, Ali S. Is it safe to treat hyperthyroid patients with I-131 without fear of thyroid storm? Ann Nucl Med. 2006 Jul;20(6):383-5.

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88.  Cooper DS. Approach to the patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):3-9.

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89.  Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26(10):1343-421.

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90.  Ross DS. Radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 10;364(6):542-50.

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91.  Burch HB, Burman KD, Cooper DS. A 2011 survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4549-58.

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92.  Bartalena L, Burch HB, Burman KD, et al. A 2013 European survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Jan;84(1):115-20.

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93.  Wartofsky L, Glinoer D, Solomon B, et al. Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves’ disease in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Thyroid. 1991;1(2):129-35.

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94.  Abraham-Nordling M, Torring O, Hamberger B, et al. Graves' disease: a long-term quality-of-life follow up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery. Thyroid. 2005 Nov;15(11):1279-86.

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95.  Abraham P, Avenell A, McGeoch SC, et al. Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003420.

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96.  Razvi S, Vaidya B, Perros P, et al. What is the evidence behind the evidence-base? The premature death of block-replace antithyroid drug regimens for Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):783-6.

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97.  Abraham P, Avenel A, Park CM, et al. A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Oct;153(4):489-98.

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98.  Azizi F. The safety and efficacy of antithyroid drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2006 Jan;5(1):107-16.

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99.  Glaser NS, Styne DM; Organization of Pediatric Endocrinologists of Northern California Collaborative Graves' Disease Study Group. Predicting the likelihood of remission in children with Graves' disease: a prospective, multicenter study. Pediatrics. 2008 Mar;121(3):e481-8.

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100.  Leger J, Gelwane G, Kaguelidou F, et al; French Childhood Graves' Disease Study Group. Positive impact of long-term antithyroid drug treatment on the outcome of children with Graves' disease: national long-term cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan;97(1):110-9.

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101.  Kaguelidou F, Carel JC, Léger J. Graves' disease in childhood: advances in management with antithyroid drug therapy. Horm Res. 2009;71(6):310-7.

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102.  Otsuka F, Noh JY, Chino T, et al. Hepatotoxicity and cutaneous reactions after antithyroid drug administration. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Aug;77(2):310-5.

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103.  Nakamura H, Miyauchi A, Miyawaki N, et al. Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Dec;98(12):4776-83.

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104.  Robinson J, Richardson M, Hickey J, et al. Patient knowledge of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. Eur Thyroid J. 2014 Dec;3(4):245-51.

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105.  Balavoine AS, Glinoer D, Dubucquoi S, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive small-vessel vasculitis associated with antithyroid drug therapy: how significant is the clinical problem? Thyroid. 2015 Dec;25(12):1273-81.

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106.  Ma C, Xie J, Wang H, et al. Radioiodine therapy versus antithyroid medications for Graves' disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 18;(2):CD010094.

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107.  Fatourechi V. Medical treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2000;13:683-91.

108.  Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Blomgren H, et al. Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment? Eur J Endocrinol. 1994 May;130(5):494-7.

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109.  Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Torring O, et al. Occurance of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: the Thyroid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jun 25;326(26):1733-8.

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110.  Bartalena L, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, et al. Relationship between management of hyperthyroidism and course of the ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004 Mar;27(3):288-94.

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111.  Li HX, Xiang N, Hu WK, et al. Relation between therapy options for Graves' disease and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Nov;39(11):1225-33.

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112.  Bartalena L. The dilemma of how to manage Graves' hyperthyroidism in patients with associated orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Mar;96(3):592-9.

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113.  Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Neoh C, et al. A prospective study of the effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism in patients with minimally active graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5321-3.

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114.  Sisson JC, Freitas J, McDougall IR, et al; American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Radioiodine Safety. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2011 Apr;21(4):335-46.

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115.  Whalen G, Sullivan M, Maranda L, et al. Randomized trial of a short course of preoperative potassium iodide in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Am J Surg. 2017 Apr;213(4):805-9.

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116.  Roher HD, Goretzki PE, Hellmann P, et al. Complications in thyroid surgery: incidence and therapy [in German]. Chirurg. 1999 Sep;70(9):999-1010.

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117.  Barczynski M, Konturek A, Stopa M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of visualization versus neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy. World J Surg. 2012 Jun;36(6):1340-7.

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118.  Cavicchi O, Caliceti U, Fernandez IJ, et al. Laryngeal neuromonitoring and neurostimulation versus neurostimulation alone in thyroid surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Head Neck. 2012 Feb;34(2):141-5.

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119.  Sosa JA, Tuggle CT, Wang TS, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of thyroid and parathyroid surgery in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;93(8):3058-65.

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120.  Stålberg P, Svensson A, Hessman O, et al. Surgical treatment of Graves' disease: evidence-based approach. World J Surg. 2008 Jul;32(7):1269-77.

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121.  Barczynski M, Konturek A, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy versus total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease with a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg. 2012 Apr;99(4):515-22.

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122.  Wiersinga WM, Perros P, Kahaly GJ, et al; European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Clinical assessment of patients with Graves’ orbitopathy: the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy recommendations to generalists, specialists and clinical researchers. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;155(3):387-9.

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