免疫调节疗法
若予以及时充分的治疗,Graves 病不太可能会威胁生命。获批用于治疗其他自身免疫性疾病的积极免疫调节、生物疗法和细胞因子相关疗法目前还不适用于治疗 Graves 病。然而,对于治疗中度至重度和危及视力的眼病和皮肤病,此类疗法有一定前景。[5]Fatourechi V. Pretibial myxedema: pathophysiology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(5):295-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16252929?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bartalena L, Marocci C, Tanda ML, et al. An update on medical management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 May;28(5):469-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16075933?tool=bestpractice.com 针对 CD20 的单克隆抗体(利妥昔单抗)可能通过减少 B 细胞使患者受益。在 Graves 眼眶病患者中开展了两项关于使用利妥昔单抗的随机研究,得到了不一致的结果,[145]Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Currò N, et al. Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;100(2):422-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4318899/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25494967?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Stan MN, Garrity JA, Carranza Leon BG, et al. Randomized controlled trial of rituximab in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;100(2):432-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4318907/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25343233?tool=bestpractice.com 但是其中一项研究显示缺乏疗效可归因于研究中使用的患者选择标准。[146]Stan MN, Garrity JA, Carranza Leon BG, et al. Randomized controlled trial of rituximab in patients with Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;100(2):432-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4318907/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25343233?tool=bestpractice.com
内镜微创手术
目前内镜微创手术已用于治疗多种疾病,包括 Graves 病,[147]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy. Aug 2014 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/ipg499具有良好的美容效果。[148]Perrier ND, Randolph GW, Inabnet WB, et al. Robotic thyroidectomy: a framework for new technology assessment and safe implementation. Thyroid. 2010 Dec;20(12):1327-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114381?tool=bestpractice.com一项 meta 分析表明,与开放手术相比,内窥镜手术方法似乎与降低失血率和取得较好的美容效果有关,但其手术时间更长、医疗成本更高。在其他并发症(例如暂时性喉返神经麻痹、暂时性低钙血症、术后甲状腺功能减退和复发性甲状腺功能亢进)的发病率方面,这两者相当。[149]Zhang Y, Dong Z, Li J, et al. Comparison of endoscopic and conventional open thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017 Apr;40:52-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235670?tool=bestpractice.com
麦考酚酯
有研究针对有活动性中度至重度 Graves 眼病的患者,比较了甲泼尼龙的静脉治疗加口服麦考酚酯(一种选择性免疫抑制剂)与单独使用甲泼尼龙的疗效和安全性。事后分析表明,对于有活动性中度至重度 Graves 眼病的患者,将麦考酚酯与甲泼尼松龙联用提高了 24 周的治疗反应率。然而,预先指定的主要结局(即 12 周反应率或者 24 和 36 周复发率的改善)在两组之间没有差异 (P=0.09)。[150]Kahaly GJ, Riedl M, König J, et al; European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Mycophenolate plus methylprednisolone versus methylprednisolone alone in active, moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy (MINGO): a randomised, observer-masked, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Apr;6(4):287-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29396246?tool=bestpractice.com