对于规律使用这些药物的患者,无论其是用于治疗还是消遣,都应给予药物过量相关危险的培训,特别是短期戒断之后的患者。 这些培训可减少药物过量引起的死亡。[8]Maxwell S, Bigg D, Stanczykiewicz K, et al. Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(3):89-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16956873?tool=bestpractice.com
药物辅助治疗(药物治疗联合咨询和行为疗法)可以预防阿片类药物使用障碍患者发生阿片类药物过量。[5]Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rising numbers of deaths involving fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including carfentanil, and increased usage and mixing with non-opioids. HAN no. 413. July 2018 [internet publication].https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00413.asp
高风险患者、家庭成员和照护者,应接受有关阿片类药物过量识别和管理的教育,包括纳洛酮给药。[5]Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rising numbers of deaths involving fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including carfentanil, and increased usage and mixing with non-opioids. HAN no. 413. July 2018 [internet publication].https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00413.asp[9]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Opioid overdose prevention toolkit. June 2018 [internet publication].https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Opioid-Overdose-Prevention-Toolkit/SMA18-4742 美国卫生和人类服务部 (Health and Human Services, HSS) 建议,在以下情况下,临床医生应强烈考虑在开具阿片类药物处方同时开具纳洛酮处方:接受高剂量阿片类药物治疗的患者(每天服用≥ 50 mg 当量的吗啡);有呼吸系统疾病的患者,例如慢性阻塞性肺病或睡眠呼吸暂停;被开具苯二氮䓬类药物处方的患者;有非阿片类物质使用障碍的患者,报告过量饮酒的患者或者有精神疾病的患者。HHS 还建议,对于使用海洛因或非法合成阿片类药物、滥用处方阿片类药物,和/或使用可能受到合成阿片类药物(如芬太尼)污染的其他非法药物的人,应开具纳洛酮处方。[10]US Department of Health and Human Services. Naloxone: the opioid reversal drug that saves lives. How healthcare providers and patients can better utilize this life-saving drug. December 2018 [internet publication].https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/sites/default/files/2018-12/naloxone-coprescribing-guidance.pdf 应注意,可用的纳洛酮可能不足以逆转过量;患者、家庭成员和护理人员一旦发现阿片类药物过量,应立即拨打急救电话。[5]Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rising numbers of deaths involving fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including carfentanil, and increased usage and mixing with non-opioids. HAN no. 413. July 2018 [internet publication].https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00413.asp
开具处方者应警惕处方阿片类药物滥用日益严重的问题,对于慢性疼痛,应合理使用阿片类药物。[11]Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain - United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016 Mar 18;65(1):1-49.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26987082?tool=bestpractice.com 应尽可能避免同时服用阿片类药物和苯二氮䓬类药物,因为它们会增加潜在的致命过量风险。
有证据表明,在急诊科处理急性疼痛时,阿片类药物和对乙酰氨基酚联合使用可能并不优于对乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬联合使用。 [12]Chang AK, Bijur PE, Esses D, et al. Effect of a single dose of oral opioid and nonopioid analgesics on acute extremity pain in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Nov 7;318(17):1661-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114833?tool=bestpractice.com 这可能提示应进一步减少急诊科阿片类药物的使用。