案例
一名 73 岁的女性患者接受静脉内万古霉素给药,以治疗金黄色葡萄球菌性骨髓炎;在治疗 20 天后,她出现泛发性斑丘疹伴剧烈瘙痒、不适和发热。[12]Gonzalo-Garijo MA, de Argila D. Erythroderma due to aztreonam and clindamycin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16:210-211.http://www.jiaci.org/issues/vol16issue03/10.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784016?tool=bestpractice.com血液生化检查显示转氨酶升高。于是医生为患者撤掉万古霉素,并开具泼尼松龙。在治疗 12 天期间,患者疾病好转并消退。
其他表现
由于不良药物反应(非过敏性反应),存在多种多样的临床表现,例如 15 日疗程多西环素引起的指(趾)甲棕色改变,尤其累及拇指;[13]Akcam M, Artan R, Akcam FZ, et al. Nail discoloration induced by doxycycline. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:845-846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148859?tool=bestpractice.com服用胺碘酮 3 年引起面部及其他暴露部位的蓝灰色改变,但遮盖部位(宽边帽遮盖的额头和腕表下的皮肤)未受影响。[14]Rogers KC, Wolfe DA. Amiodarone-induced blue-gray syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34:1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10981256?tool=bestpractice.com
曾经报告,服用厄洛替尼、[15]Jia Y, Lacouture ME, Su X, et al. Risk of skin rash associated with erlotinib in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. J Support Oncol. 2009;7:211-217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20380328?tool=bestpractice.com尼洛替尼、[16]Drucker AM, Wu S, Busam KJ, et al. Rash with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors nilotinib and dasatinib: meta-analysis and clinical characterization. Eur J Haematol. 2013;90:142-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240881?tool=bestpractice.com凡德他尼[17]Rosen AC, Wu S, Damse A, et al. Risk of rash in cancer patients treated with vandetanib: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1125-1133.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2011-2677http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22378813?tool=bestpractice.com等酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的癌症患者,皮疹发生率较高,服用索拉非尼、舒尼替尼、帕唑帕尼、阿昔替尼等血管内皮生长因子受体 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR) 抑制剂的患者,发生手足皮肤反应(手掌-足跖部红肿、感觉迟钝)的风险尤其高。[18]Fischer A, Wu S, Ho AL, et al. The risk of hand-foot skin reaction to axitinib, a novel VEGF inhibitor: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Invest New Drugs. 2013;31:787-797.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345001?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Chu D, Lacouture ME, Weiner E, et al. Risk of hand-foot skin reaction with the multitargeted kinase inhibitor sunitinib in patients with renal cell and non-renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009;7:11-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213662?tool=bestpractice.com在接受 HER2/neu 受体拮抗剂培妥珠单抗治疗的 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌患者,以及接受依匹木单抗治疗黑素瘤的患者中,皮疹风险也较高。[20]Minkis K, Garden BC, Wu S, et al. The risk of rash associated with ipilimumab in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:e121-e128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357570?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Drucker AM, Wu S, Dang CT, et al. Risk of rash with the anti-HER2 dimerization antibody pertuzumab: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;135:347-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782294?tool=bestpractice.com在使用 β 受体阻滞剂和肿瘤坏死因子 (tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α 抑制剂治疗时,可能不合逻辑地出现新发银屑病或银屑病病情加重。[22]Fiorino G, Allez M, Malesci A, et al. Review article: anti TNF-alpha induced psoriasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:921-927.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03955.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210297?tool=bestpractice.com曾经有报道指出,接受诸如西妥昔单抗等表皮生长因子受体拮抗剂治疗的患者,可发生痤疮样皮疹。[23]Su X, Lacouture ME, Jia Y, et al. Risk of high-grade skin rash in cancer patients treated with cetuximab: an antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor: systemic review and meta-analysis. Oncology. 2009;77:124-133.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622903?tool=bestpractice.com