急性发作的首选治疗
治疗的近期目标是缓解急性症状和降低眼压,药物治疗一般可达到该目标。[25]Chong YF, Irfan S, Menege MS. AACG: an evaluation of a protocol for acute treatment. Eye. 1999;13:613-616.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696311?tool=bestpractice.com治疗的益处:有低等级的证据(共识)表明,药物治疗急性闭角型青光眼有益,尽管药物治疗属于低等级的证据,但不给于降眼压治疗是不人道的。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。口服或局部应用碳酸酐酶抑制剂、β-肾上腺素受体阻滞剂、α-2肾上腺素受体激动剂可通过抑制房水的产生来降低眼压。用药物后1 h内可降低眼压20%-30%.[30]Medical management of glaucoma. In: Basic and clinical science course (BCSC) Section 10: Glaucoma. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2005:157-177.α-肾上腺素受体激动剂在用药2小时内可降低眼压26%。[30]Medical management of glaucoma. In: Basic and clinical science course (BCSC) Section 10: Glaucoma. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2005:157-177.碳酸酐酶抑制剂、β-肾上腺素受体阻滞剂、α-2肾上腺素受体激动剂可用作一线治疗药,可单独用药,但更多的是联合使用。
继发于瞳孔阻滞、高褶虹膜的房角关闭患者应该在眼压降至40mmHg以下后开始使用缩瞳剂(如:匹罗卡品)。[30]Medical management of glaucoma. In: Basic and clinical science course (BCSC) Section 10: Glaucoma. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2005:157-177.但对于晶状体源性青光眼或恶性青光眼患者,上述治疗却可导致前房变浅及房角变窄,因此在这些疾病中这些药物是禁用的。[31]Hung L, Yang CH, Chen MS. Effect of pilocarpine on anterior chamber angles. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1995;11:221-226.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8590253?tool=bestpractice.com
如果上述药物治疗无效,则需使用高渗剂。高渗剂也是眼压极度升高时的首选用药。
急性发作控制后,应在24-48小时之内实施手术,以实现房角永久开放。
急性发作的首先手术治疗。
如果药物治疗不能降低眼压,采用前房穿刺术可迅速奏效。常可使角膜变透明,以便行虹膜周切术。研究表明,前房穿刺对根治性手术有利。[32]Luo KS. Application of paracentesis of anterior chamber in treatment of consistent high introcular pressure of acute angle-closure glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol. 2011;9:1611-1613.在一个前瞻性临床试验中,将患者随机分为两组,做前房穿刺的和不做前房穿刺术,之后均行小梁切除术。前房穿刺可以显著降低所有患者的眼压,而且没有严重的副作用。术后炎症发生率和炎症水平更低,另外,穿刺组中有效滤过泡的比例、小梁切除术的成功率及视力恢复比例均高于未穿刺组,差异均有统计学意义。这一研究支持在急性闭角型青光眼发作时采用前房穿刺迅速降低眼压的措施,可提高患者的小梁切除术的远期成功率。
慢性闭角型青光眼和急性发作控制后的手术疗法
根治性治疗的目的在于获得永久房角开放。
激光周边虹膜切开术即是利用激光在虹膜根部作一切口,对于急性闭角型青光眼通常可以成功。[24]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: primary angle closure. November 2015. http://one.aao.org/ (last accessed 9 August 2017).http://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-angle-closure-ppp-2015[33]Ritch R. The treatment of chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Ann Ophthalmol. 1981;13:21-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7247155?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Quigley HA. Long-term follow-up of laser iridotomy. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:218-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7231918?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Robin AL, Pollack IP. Argon laser peripheral iridotomies in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma: long-term follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:919-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7092629?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Jiang Y, Chang DS, Foster PJ, et al. Immediate changes in intraocular pressure after laser peripheral iridotomy in primary angle-closure suspects. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:283-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036632?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:低质量证据未能证明,在 3 年中改善单眼急性闭角性青光眼患者的视力方面,手术虹膜切除术是否比激光虹膜切除术更加有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
激光周边虹膜切开术可使房水经瞳孔旁道流入前房,以解除瞳孔阻滞,消除前房与后房之间的压力差,使虹膜膨隆消失,虹膜远离小梁网,使房角开放或变宽。[34]Quigley HA. Long-term follow-up of laser iridotomy. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:218-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7231918?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Robin AL, Pollack IP. Argon laser peripheral iridotomies in the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma: long-term follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:919-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7092629?tool=bestpractice.com[37]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Laser peripheral iridotomy for pupillary-block glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1749-1758.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7936574?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Ng WS, Ang GS, Azuara-Blanco A. Laser peripheral iridoplasty for angle-closure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD006746.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006746.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336823?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Ritch R, Tham CC, Lam DS. Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI): an update. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:279-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472803?tool=bestpractice.com 激光周边虹膜切开术的指征是发生房角关闭的患眼以及对侧眼,因为绝大多数的对侧眼也会发生青光眼改变。[25]Chong YF, Irfan S, Menege MS. AACG: an evaluation of a protocol for acute treatment. Eye. 1999;13:613-616.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696311?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Aung T, Ang LP, Chen SP, et al. Acute primary angle-closure: long term intraocular pressure outcome in Asian eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11162972?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Bain WE. The fellow eye in acute closed-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1957;41:193-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509532/pdf/brjopthal00472-0019.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13413134?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Hyams SW, Friedman Z, Keroub C. Fellow eye in angle-closure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1975;59:207-210.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1138845?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Lowe RF. Acute angle-closure glaucoma. The second eye: an analysis of 200 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1962;46:641-650.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC510261/pdf/brjopthal00419-0001.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18170827?tool=bestpractice.com
已做虹膜周边切开术但仍有房角狭窄的患者可以考虑激光周边虹膜成形术,在这个过程中,氩激光作用于周边虹膜全周使其收缩,使周边虹膜与小梁网分离。[44]Ritch R. Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty: an overview. J Glaucoma. 1992;1:206-213.
如果残余的房角关闭与晶状体因素相关,则应考虑行晶状体摘出术,可行或不行房角分离术。[45]Harasymowycz PJ, Papamatheakis DG, Ahmed I, et al. Phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis in the management of unresponsive primary angle closure. J Glaucoma. 2005;14:186-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15870598?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Teekhasaenee C, Ritch R. Combined phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis for uncontrolled chronic ACG after acute angle-closure glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:669-674.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10201585?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Wishart PK, Atkinson PL. Extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation in patients with primary chronic angle-closure glaucoma: effect on intraocular pressure control. Eye. 1989;3:706-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2630350?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Greve EL. Primary ACG: extracapsular cataract extraction or filtrating procedure? Int Ophthalmol. 1988;12:157-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3229905?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Gunning FP, Greve EL. Lens extraction for uncontrolled glaucoma. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24:1347-1356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9795850?tool=bestpractice.com症状改善:低质量证据未能证明,在 3 年中改善单眼急性闭角性青光眼患者的视力方面,手术虹膜切除术是否比激光虹膜切除术更加有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
氩激光治疗后仍有残余房角关闭时可用胆碱能受体激动剂,这类药物可使瞳孔收缩,虹膜变薄,进而使虹膜与眼球壁和小梁网分离,房角开放。
闭角型青光眼患者术后持续高眼压。
如果急性闭角型青光眼和慢性闭角型青光眼经上述治疗后眼压仍高,可以像开角型青光眼那样使用降眼压药物,药物治疗无效者则施行降眼压手术治疗。[24]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: primary angle closure. November 2015. http://one.aao.org/ (last accessed 9 August 2017).http://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-angle-closure-ppp-2015
局部前列腺素类滴眼液可通过促进房水流出而降眼压,用药后10-14小时作用达到峰值,所以这类药不宜在急性发作时应用。[30]Medical management of glaucoma. In: Basic and clinical science course (BCSC) Section 10: Glaucoma. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2005:157-177.然而,作为长期治疗药物,前列腺素类药物是目前最有效的降眼压药,应被用作一线药物,[50]Chen MJ, Chen YC, Chou CK, et al. Comparison of the effects of latanoprost and travoprost on intraocular pressure in chronic angle-closure glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006;22:449-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17238812?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Aung T, Chan YH, Chew PT. EXACT Study Group. Degree of angle closure and the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of latanoprost in subjects with chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:267-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15691562?tool=bestpractice.com也可用局部β-肾上腺素受体阻滞剂和α-2肾上腺素受体激动剂,可以单独用药,也可以根据医生指导联合应用。
全身碳酸酐酶抑制剂长效制剂一般单独使用,由于其全身用药副作用大,故不常用,仅用于其他药物不能奏效的难治性青光眼。[30]Medical management of glaucoma. In: Basic and clinical science course (BCSC) Section 10: Glaucoma. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2005:157-177.
经上述所有治疗后眼压仍高的情况并不多见,这类患者是小梁切除术或者房水引流管植入物植入术的指征。[52]Aung T, Tow SL, Yap EY, et al. Trabeculectomy for acute primary angle closure. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1298-1302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10889101?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Tseng VL, Coleman AL, Chang MY, et al. Aqueous shunts for glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(7):CD004918.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004918.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28750481?tool=bestpractice.com
急性闭角型青光眼反复发作
如果房角关闭的发病机制没有解除,急性闭角型青光眼可再次发作,在这种情况下,医生需要寻找房角关闭的主要原因,并且给予相应的治疗。在这些病例中判断是否需要行周边虹膜切开术也很重要。