通常有滑倒、摔倒或其他创伤史,不能负重。患者可能会描述出现“啵”的一声或踝关节移位发出的声音。在内踝或外踝或两者均有疼痛。
体格检查
检查踝关节,在内踝或外踝或两者均有肿胀和瘀斑,可能有明显的踝关节畸形。
触诊时,内踝或外踝可有触痛,可能有踝关节畸形,活动时可出现弹响。单纯外踝骨折时,体格检查可发现内侧三角韧带处有触痛、瘀斑和肿胀,有助于判断三角韧带完整性。[12]van den Bekerom MP, Mutsaerts EL, van Dijk CN. Evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament in supination external rotation ankle fractures: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129:227-235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953550?tool=bestpractice.com
渥太华踝关节规则有助于判断何时需行X线检查。[13]Milne L. Ottawa ankle decision rules. West J Med. 1996;164:67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1303302/pdf/westjmed00352-0069.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779210?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269:1127-1132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8433468?tool=bestpractice.com若腓骨或胫骨远端6cm以内出现后外侧或内侧骨性触痛,或受伤时或急诊室内无法负重行走4步,应考虑行X线片检查。[13]Milne L. Ottawa ankle decision rules. West J Med. 1996;164:67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1303302/pdf/westjmed00352-0069.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779210?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269:1127-1132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8433468?tool=bestpractice.com
腓骨近端触痛说明可能有骨折,可能是Maisonneuve骨折(胫腓联合损伤)。
可能引起开放骨折,虽然任何部位都可能发生开放损伤,但通常是距骨和足部向后外侧移位,引起内踝处横行开放伤口。
若踝关节脱位,内踝表面皮肤可能会被顶起。
血管损伤很少见,通常是踝关节骨折脱位引起。
如踝关节是因高能量创伤引起,在评估患者时,必须遵循高级创伤生命支持(ATLS)的原则。[15]Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Manual. 7th ed. American College of Surgeons: 2007.
影像学
踝关节主要根据垂直的两张X线片来诊断:通常一张前后位片或踝穴位片(踝关节内旋15°),和一张侧位片。也可拍摄斜位片,但很少能提供重要的信息。
单纯外踝骨折时,若距骨向外移位≥5mm(即内踝间隙),说明同时伴有三角韧带损伤。[12]van den Bekerom MP, Mutsaerts EL, van Dijk CN. Evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament in supination external rotation ankle fractures: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129:227-235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18953550?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Park SS, Kubiak EN, Egol KA, et al. Stress radiographs after ankle fracture: the effect of ankle position and deltoid ligament status on medial clear space measurements. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20:11-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424804?tool=bestpractice.com
最近的MRI研究发现:经下胫腓水平或下胫腓以上水平的骨折都可能伴有下胫腓损伤。[17]Nielson JH, Gardner MJ, Peterson MG, et al. Radiographic measurements do not predict syndesmotic injury in ankle fractures: an MRI study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436;216-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995444?tool=bestpractice.com
单纯外踝骨折时,应力位X片(外旋或外翻应力)可判断有无距骨外移和三角韧带损伤。[18]Schock HJ, Pinzur M, Manion L, et al. The use of gravity or manual-stress radiographs in the assessment of supination-external rotation fractures of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:1055-1059.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785745?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Koval KJ, Egol KA, Cheung Y, et al. Does a positive ankle stress test indicate the need for operative treatment after lateral malleolus fracture? A preliminary report. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:449-455.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762475?tool=bestpractice.com
CT检查对于粉碎骨折十分有用,有助于进一步明确诊断和进行术前计划,但确定损伤时就没有必要。
MRI检查有助于明确有无关节软骨损伤和韧带损伤,但急性损伤的诊断和处理时常没有必要。[17]Nielson JH, Gardner MJ, Peterson MG, et al. Radiographic measurements do not predict syndesmotic injury in ankle fractures: an MRI study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436;216-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995444?tool=bestpractice.com