黑棘皮病

Schwartz RA. Acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Jul;31(1):1-19.

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1.  Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Goldman J. Acanthosis nigricans. Clin Dermatol. 1993 Jan-Mar;11(1):21-5.

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2.  Schwartz RA. Acanthosis nigricans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Jul;31(1):1-19.

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3.  Curth HO. Classification of acanthosis nigricans. Int J Dermatol. 1976 Oct;15(8):592-3.

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4.  Curth HO. Unilateral epidermal nevus resembling acanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol. 1976 Oct;95(4):433-6.

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7.  Brickman WJ, Binns HJ, Jovanovic BD, et al. Acanthosis nigricans: a common finding in overweight youth. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007 Nov-Dec;24(6):601-6.

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8.  American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2000 Mar;23(3):381-9.

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10.  Curth HO. Cancer associated with acanthosis nigricans: a review of the literature and report of a case of acanthosis nigricans with cancer of the breast. Arch Surg. 1943 Dec;47(6):517-52.

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12.  Brown J, Winkelmann RK. Acanthosis nigricans: a study of 90 cases. Medicine. 1968 Jan;47(1):33-51.

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13.  Ramirez-Amador V, Esquivel-Pedraza L, Caballero-Mendoza E, et al. Oral manifestations as a hallmark of malignant acanthosis nigricans. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999 Jul;28(6):278-81.

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14.  Dyrszka H, Sanghavi B, Peddamatham K, et al. Esophageal involvement in acanthosis nigricans. NY State J Med. 1984 May;84(5):256-8.

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15.  Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A. Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jun;56(6):901-16.

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16.  Maitra SK, Rowland Payne CM. The obesity syndrome and acanthosis nigricans. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3:202-210.

17.  Kong AS, Williams RL, Smith M, et al. Acanthosis nigricans and diabetes risk factors: prevalence in young persons seen in southwestern US primary care practices. Ann Fam Med. 2007 May-Jun;5(3):202-8.

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18.  Hud JA Jr, Cohen JB, Wagner JM, et al. Prevalence and significance of acanthosis nigricans in an adult obese population. Arch Dermatol. 1992 Jul;128(7):941-4.

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19.  Mukhtar Q, Cleverly G, Voorhees RE, et al. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and its association with hyperinsulinemia in New Mexico Adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2001 May;28(5):372-6.

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20.  Houpt KR, Cruz PD. Acanthosis nigricans. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, eds, Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine, 6th ed. New York, NY; McGraw Hill: 2003: 1796-1801.

21.  Sedano HO, Gorlin RJ. Acanthosis nigricans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 Apr;63(4):462-7.

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22.  Torley D, Bellus GA, Munro CS. Genes, growth factors and acanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Dec;147(6):1096-101.

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23.  Koyama S, Ikeda K, Sato M, et al. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha)-producing gastric carcinoma with acanthosis nigricans: an endocrine effect of TGF alpha in the pathogenesis of cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome and epithelial hyperplasia of the esophagus. J Gastroenterol. 1997 Feb;32(1):71-7.

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24.  Hermanns-Le T, Scheen A, Pierard GE. Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance: pathophysiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(3):199-203.

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25.  Trout CR, Levine N, Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2003: 1000-1001.

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29.  Willemze R, Scheffer E, Van Vloten WA. Mycosis fungoides simulating acanthosis nigricans. Am J Dermatopathol. 1985 Aug;7(4):367-71.

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32.  Bossuyt L, Morren M, Degreef H. Transient acanthosis-nigricans-like dermatosis in re-epithelializing lesions of pemphigus foliaceus. Dermatology. 1992;185(4):309-10.

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33.  Usui K, Kondo A, Nakagawa H. Pemphigus vulgaris associated with transient acanthosis nigricans like lesion. J Dermatol. 1998 Aug;25(8):550-2.

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34.  Romo A, Benavides S. Treatment options in insulin resistance obesity-related acanthosis nigricans. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Jul;42(7):1090-4.

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35.  Bredlich RO, Krahn G, Kunzi-Rapp K, et al. Continuous-wave carbon dioxide laser therapy in pseudoacanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol. 1998 Nov;139(5):937-8.

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36.  Rosenbach A, Ram R. Treatment of Acanthosis nigricans of the axillae using a long-pulsed (5-msec) alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Aug;30(8):1158-60.

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37.  Wedge CC, Rootman DS, Hunter W, et al. Malignant acanthosis nigricans. A case report. Ophthalmology. 1993 Oct;100(10):1590-2.

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38.  Blobstein SH. Topical therapy with tretinoin and ammonium lactate for acanthosis nigricans associated with obesity. Cutis. 2003 Jan;71(1):33-4.

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39.  Omar HA, Logsdon S, Richards J. Clinical profiles, occurrence, and management of adolescent patients with HAIR-AN syndrome. ScientificWorldJournal. 2004 Jul 8;4:507-11.

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40.  Dai WS, LaBraico JM, Stern RS. Epidemiology of isotretinoin exposure during pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Apr;26(4):599-606.

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41.  Lammer EJ, Chen DT, Hoar RM, et al. Retinoic acid embryopathy. N Engl J Med. 1985 Oct 3;313(14):837-411.

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44.  Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD002967.

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