不论其症状如何,患者均需接受积极的危险因素干预。控制血压 (<130/80 mmHg)、[42]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Nov 7 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717415191http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29146535?tool=bestpractice.com 控制血脂 (LDL<2.59 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL])、[28]National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Third report: detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12485966?tool=bestpractice.com 戒烟没有足够的系统评价或随机对照试验评估戒烟对 PVD 的作用。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 并控制血糖 (HgA1c<7.0)。[1]Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017 Aug 26 [Epub ahead of print].https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095/4095038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886620?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com心血管事件:有高质量证据表明,与对照组相比,抗血小板药物(阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、阿司匹林联用双嘧达莫或噻氯匹定)能够将主要心血管事件的发生时间延缓约 2 年。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
应建议轻至中度跛行的患者坚持行走,同时鼓励状态良好的患者参加运动干预。[33]Lane R, Ellis B, Watson L, et al. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 18;(7):CD000990.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037027?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does exercise compare with usual care for people with intermittent claudication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2064/full显示答案
推荐所有患者接受抗血小板治疗。
急性肢体缺血
急性肢体缺血是一种医疗急症。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com 当患者出现肢体灌注的突然下降,危及组织的存活时,需要紧急接受病史问诊和体检,以明确发病症状。需要血管外科医生对其进行快速评估,以尽快恢复动脉血流。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com 应急诊行包括踝臂指数和双功超声的血管检查。确诊后,患者应开始使用肝素并配合合适的镇痛药进行全身性抗凝治疗,除非存在禁忌证。[1]Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017 Aug 26 [Epub ahead of print].https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095/4095038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886620?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com对于急性缺血性疼痛,根据疼痛的严重程度,建议使用对乙酰氨基酚和阿片类药物(弱效或强效)。[43]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Peripheral arterial disease: diagnosis and management. Aug 2012 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg147
急性肢体缺血的病因包括栓塞、进展性 PAD 伴原位血栓形成、旁路移植术后血栓形成、动脉创伤、腘窝囊肿或受压、高凝状态或股青肿。
不可存活的肢体:
存活肢体
患者没有明显的组织缺损、神经损伤或感觉丧失。
患者需确定动脉解剖形态,并进行血运重建。
血运重建的治疗选择包括:经皮导管溶栓治疗;经皮机械血栓提取或血栓抽吸(有或无溶栓);血栓切除术、旁路术和/或动脉修复术。[1]Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017 Aug 26 [Epub ahead of print].https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095/4095038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886620?tool=bestpractice.com 常常首选血管内治疗,尤其是对于伴有严重共病的患者。
随机对照临床试验和病例系列研究结果证实,动脉内溶栓治疗和外科手术同样有效,已成为首选治疗。影响选择的因素取决于是否存在神经系统功能障碍、缺血的持续时间、缺血的部位、合并症、导管类型(动脉或移植物)以及与治疗相关的风险。[1]Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017 Aug 26 [Epub ahead of print].https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095/4095038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886620?tool=bestpractice.com 尿激酶是急性肢体缺血中研究最为广泛的溶栓药物,但美国已不再使用该药物。替代药物包括阿替普酶、瑞替普酶和替奈普酶 (tenecteplase)。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Razavi MK, Lee DS, Hofmann LV. Catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy for limb ischemia: current status and controversies. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Jan;15(1 Pt 1):13-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14709682?tool=bestpractice.com虽然有很多比较研究的结果,但没有哪一种溶栓药物能够成为首选药物。链激酶由于有效率低、出血率高、存在抗原性而不再使用。
间歇性跛行(活动不受限)
应建议轻至中度跛行的患者坚持行走。[33]Lane R, Ellis B, Watson L, et al. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 18;(7):CD000990.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037027?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does exercise compare with usual care for people with intermittent claudication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2064/full显示答案
对于跛行和确诊 PAD 的患者,推荐使用抗血小板治疗(单独使用阿司匹林或单独使用氯吡格雷)以降低心肌梗死、卒中和血管性死亡的风险。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com至少每年随访一次,以监测冠状动脉、脑血管和下肢缺血症状的进展情况。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com
间歇性跛行(活动受限)
出现生活方式受限症状的患者应同时进行有监护的锻炼计划及药物治疗,以使症状缓解。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com行走距离:有低质量证据显示,与不进行锻炼的慢性顽固性间歇性跛行患者相比,持续 3~6 个月、至少每周 3 次的规律锻炼,在 3~12 个月后能够改善总行走距离和最长运动时间。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 很多研究(尽管研究质量有限)的结果显示,运动疗法可以增加行走时间并缓解症状。[33]Lane R, Ellis B, Watson L, et al. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 18;(7):CD000990.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037027?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Guidon M, McGee H. Exercise-based interventions and health-related quality of life in intermittent claudication: a 20-year (1989-2008) review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010 Apr;17(2):140-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215969?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does exercise compare with usual care for people with intermittent claudication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2064/full显示答案
一个有监护的锻炼计划应每次持续 30-45 分钟,每周 3 次,持续 12 周。如果监护下运动疗法不可行,基于社区的步行计划也有一些益处。[46]Mays RJ, Hiatt WR, Casserly IP, et al. Community-based walking exercise for peripheral artery disease: an exploratory pilot study. Vasc Med. 2015 Aug;20(4):339-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25755148?tool=bestpractice.com
己酮可可碱、西洛他唑、萘呋胺等药物能缓解症状。[47]Mangiafico RA, Fiore CE. Current management of intermittent claudication: the role of pharmacological and nonpharmacological symptom-directed therapies. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009 Jul;7(3):394-413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19601864?tool=bestpractice.com[48]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, pentoxifylline and inositol nicotinate for the treatment of intermittent claudication in people with peripheral arterial disease. May 2011 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta223 西洛他唑能延长间歇性跛行患者的无痛行走距离,[49]Pande RL, Hiatt WR, Zhang P, et al. A pooled analysis of the durability and predictors of treatment response of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med. 2010 Jun;15(3):181-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883185/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385711?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Bedenis R, Stewart M, Cleanthis M, et al. Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 31;(10):CD003748.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003748.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25358850?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of cilostazol in people with intermittent claudication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1697/full显示答案 且效果优于己酮可可碱。行走距离:有中等质量证据显示,用药 24 周后,与己酮可可碱相比,西洛他唑更能改善初始和完全跛行距离。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 一项荟萃分析结果显示,周围血管介入治疗后抗血小板药物联用西洛他唑,能够降低再狭窄、截肢和靶血管重建手术的风险。[51]Warner CJ, Greaves SW, Larson RJ, et al. Cilostazol is associated with improved outcomes after peripheral endovascular interventions. J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jun;59(6):1607-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24468286?tool=bestpractice.com 西洛他唑还能减少股腘动脉病变经皮腔内血管成形术和支架植入术后的再狭窄。[52]Iida O, Yokoi H, Soga Y, et al; STOP-IC investigators. Cilostazol reduces angiographic restenosis after endovascular therapy for femoropopliteal lesions in the Sufficient Treatment of Peripheral Intervention by Cilostazol study. Circulation. 2013 Jun 11;127(23):2307-15.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/23/2307.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23652861?tool=bestpractice.com 西洛他唑禁用于以下情况:充血性心力衰竭;不稳定性心绞痛,新发心肌梗死,或冠状动脉介入治疗(6 个月内);患者有严重的快速心律失常病史;患者已服用 2 种或以上的抗凝或抗血小板药物。根据英国药物和保健产品监管署(MHRA)的建议,西洛他唑仅用于生活方式干预和其他治疗无法有效改善症状患者的二线治疗。MHRA: cilostazol drug alert 服用西洛他唑的患者需在治疗开始后 3 个月评价疗效,如果跛行距离没有临床意义上的改善,治疗就需停止。己酮可可碱应用亦很广泛;但是,一些随机对照研究结果显示,其效果并不优于安慰剂,并且禁用于近期有颅内和(或)视网膜出血,以及对甲基黄嘌呤类药物(茶碱)耐受的患者。萘呋胺治疗能改善间歇性跛行患者的行走距离。[53]De Backer T, Vander Stichele R, Lehert P, et al. Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication: meta-analysis based on individual patient data. BMJ. 2009 Mar 10;338:b603http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/338/mar10_1/b603?view=long&pmid=19276131http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276131?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价的结果显示,萘呋胺的效果优于西洛他唑。[54]Stevens JW, Simpson E, Harnan S, et al. Systematic review of the efficacy of cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate and pentoxifylline for the treatment of intermittent claudication. Br J Surg. 2012;99:1630-1638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23034699?tool=bestpractice.com
如果运动和药物治疗有效,建议随访观察。但是,如果治疗无效,应将患者转诊至血管外科专科医师处,明确解剖情况并评价是否需行血运重建。有研究表明,血运重建联合运动疗法比单独的运动疗法更加有效。[55]Malgor RD, Alahdab F, Elraiyah TA, et al. A systematic review of treatment of intermittent claudication in the lower extremities. Vasc Surg. 2015 Mar Mar;61(3 Suppl):54S-73S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25721067?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Fakhry F, Spronk S, van der Laan L, et al. Endovascular revascularization and supervised exercise for peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Nov 10;314(18):1936-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26547465?tool=bestpractice.com
一些患者选择服用草药保健品(左旋精氨酸、丙酰左旋肉毒碱、银杏叶提取物)。但是,这些保健品的临床效果并未得到证实。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Nicolaï SP, Kruidenier LM, Bendermacher BL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 6;(6):CD006888.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006888.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744597?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of ginkgo biloba in people with intermittent claudication?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1712/full显示答案
慢性重度肢体缺血(严重肢体缺血)
这类患者有慢性缺血性下肢症状,如缺血性静息痛、坏疽、难以愈合的伤口或足部及下肢溃疡。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com 对于这些患者,需要通过体格检查和血管检查迅速明确缺血性病因。如果患者有已证实的 PAD,应当尽快将其转诊至血管专科医师处进行血运重建。
可根据创伤、缺血和足部感染 (Wound, Ischaemia, and Foot Infection, WiFi) 评分考虑进行风险分层。[58]Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jan;59(1):220-34.e1-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24126108?tool=bestpractice.com
对于那些在此次严重肢体缺血发生前能够行走的患者,如果预期寿命>1 年且能够耐受手术,适宜行血运重建。
对于患有无法手术治疗的慢性重度肢体缺血且面临截肢的患者,在标准保守治疗之外,脊髓刺激治疗也可能为一种有效的方法。有证据表明,与单用标准保守治疗相比,脊髓刺激治疗有可能带来更高的保肢率和更突出的疼痛缓解。[59]Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. Spinal cord stimulation for non-reconstructable chronic critical leg ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD004001.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004001.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450547?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of spinal cord stimulation in people with non-reconstructable chronic critical leg ischemia?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1709/full显示答案 另有证据表明,自体骨髓干细胞移植也可作为严重肢体缺血患者的一种治疗选择。[60]Liu Y, Xu Y, Fang F, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of stem cell-based therapy in peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 29;10(4):e0125032.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923119?tool=bestpractice.com 但是其他研究未能证实此疗法的获益。[61]Rigato M, Monami M, Fadini GP. Autologous cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, nonrandomized, and noncontrolled studies. Circ Res. 2017 Apr 14;120(8):1326-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28096194?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者并不适合进行血运重建,则在必要时评估截肢治疗并进行合理的减少危险因素的药物治疗。
血运重建转诊标准
以下患者应当被转诊至血管外科专科医师处,接受血管解剖形态评价:
如果患者存在生活方式受限的跛行,无法从药物联合运动计划中获益,则应建议其进行血运重建。PAD 患者不应仅仅为了防止疾病进展为慢性肢体缺血便接受血管内和外科操作。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com
腔内或外科血运重建
血管内技术包括利用球囊扩张、支架、斑块旋切术、激光、切割球囊和药物涂层球囊行经皮腔内血管成形术 (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, PTA)。[62]Bachoo P, Thorpe PA, Maxwell H, et al. Endovascular stents for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003228.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003228.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091540?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Chowdhury MM, McLain AD, Twine CP. Angioplasty versus bare metal stenting for superficial femoral artery lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 24;(6):CD006767.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006767.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24959692?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does angioplasty compare with bare metal stenting in people with superficial femoral artery lesions?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1711/full显示答案
对于主髂动脉病变,腔内血运重建建议用于狭窄长度<10 cm 以及慢性闭塞<5 cm 的病变。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com 对于狭窄长度>10 cm 的其他病变、慢性阻塞长度>5 cm、严重钙化病变及伴主动脉瘤的病变,建议进行外科手术,但采用血管内方案也有很高的技术成功率。对于存在大量组织缺损和广泛感染的患者,不建议进行外科手术。[64]Albers M, Romiti M, De Luccia N, et al. An updated meta-analysis of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Mar;45(3):536-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17257801?tool=bestpractice.com 常见的股骨动脉内膜切除术常常用于常见的股骨动脉病变。这种手术的血管通畅率较高,但可能会导致严重的并发症。[65]Nguyen BN, Amdur RL, Abugideiri M, et al. Postoperative complications after common femoral endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Jun;61(6):1489-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702917?tool=bestpractice.com
对于股腘动脉狭窄,当存在分散狭窄<10 cm或钙化狭窄<5 cm时建议行腔内血运重建治疗。[2]Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary. Circulation. 2017 Mar 21;135(12):e686-e725.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27840332?tool=bestpractice.com
当病变累及股总动脉、病变长度>10 cm、严重钙化病变长度>5 cm、病变累及股浅动脉开口处和病变累及腘动脉时,建议进行外科血运重建。随着更新的技术(例如药物涂层球囊)开始得到与旁路手术相近的通畅度,血管内治疗也可用于治疗长度更长的病灶。[66]Micari A, Nerla R, Vadalà G, et al. 2-Year results of paclitaxel-coated balloons for long femoropopliteal artery disease: evidence from the SFA-long study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017 Apr 10;10(7):728-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385412?tool=bestpractice.com
对于膝下动脉病变,腔内治疗被严格限定于存在截肢风险的患者。膝下动脉病变外科血运重建的通畅率很低,如果应用原位穿刺技术,效果要稍好一些。无论采用何种治疗手段,所有接受外科或腔内血运重建的患者都应该终身接受阿司匹林治疗(75~100 mg/d)。[67]Bedenis R, Lethaby A, Maxwell H, et al. Antiplatelet agents for preventing thrombosis after peripheral arterial bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 19;(2):CD000535.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000535.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25695213?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Alonso-Coello P, Bellmunt S, McGorrian C, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e669S-e690S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574279?tool=bestpractice.com 目前的证据尚未确定旁路手术或血管内介入治疗对于初期治疗或严重肢体缺血是否更优,但许多术者已经采用了“首选血管内”治疗策略,因为采用此方法可降低有共病患者的并发症发病率。[69]Abu Dabrh AM, Steffen MW, Asi N, et al. Bypass surgery versus endovascular interventions in severe or critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2016 Jan;63(1):244-53.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(15)01628-6/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26372187?tool=bestpractice.com