抗磷脂综合征 (APS) 的主要治疗目标为急性血栓处理,预防血栓复发和降低病态妊娠率。[5]Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1050-1057.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/9/1050http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507806?tool=bestpractice.com应为患者提供关于血栓的症状和体征指导,以便可以尽早识别潜在事件和寻求应急评估。患者同样应进行其他血栓危险因素(血栓形成、肥胖、吸烟、糖尿病、久坐不动、高血压、高脂血症和使用雌二醇的既往史)的评估和治疗。包括戒烟和适当的高脂血症治疗。应告知女性患者与妊娠有关的风险(如,妊娠期以及产后期的静脉血栓栓塞个人风险,以及流产和病态妊娠风险)。
血栓的治疗
血栓形成的急性发作应与其他病因的血栓形成进行同样处理。[5]Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1050-1057.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/9/1050http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507806?tool=bestpractice.com一旦确诊,大多数患者最初都会使用普通肝素或低分子量肝素抗凝,随后改用口服维生素 K 拮抗剂抗凝,前提是该药物疗法没有禁忌症。[5]Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1050-1057.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/9/1050http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507806?tool=bestpractice.com怀孕患者在妊娠期间维持肝素用药。可在分娩后改用华法林。
APS 患者在停止抗凝治疗后血栓复发的风险高,[33]Derksen RH, de Groot PG, Kater L, et al. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thrombosis should receive long term anticoagulant treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:689-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1005149/pdf/annrheumd00484-0071.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8239766?tool=bestpractice.com因此,一般建议未引发血栓形成时持续长期进行抗凝治疗。[5]Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1050-1057.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/9/1050http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507806?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy: Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Am J Med. 1998;104:332-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9576405?tool=bestpractice.com但是,有关血栓复发情况下的指导尚不明确,因为缺乏有关 APS 患者在此情况下抗凝治疗持续时间的证据。应考虑血栓形成相关的诱发因素和长期抗凝相关的出血风险。有静脉血栓栓塞事件既往史的患者应接受以 INR 2.5(范围 2~3)为目标的维生素 K 拮抗剂抗凝治疗。证据表明,高强度华法林的效果并不优于常规强度的华法林。[35]Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1133-1138.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035241#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13679527?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:848-853.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01340.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869575?tool=bestpractice.com有 VTE 病史患者的复发性血栓形成预防:2 项对比常规和高强度华法林疗法对静脉血栓栓塞患者疗效的随机临床试验提供质量差的证据表明,高强度疗法疗效并不优于常规治疗剂量的维生素 K 拮抗剂,而且可能与出血风险增加有关。[35]Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1133-1138.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035241#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13679527?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:848-853.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01340.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869575?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。但是,此研究排除了在治疗中静脉血栓栓塞复发的患者:该组需要达到目标 INR 3~4。
同样强烈建议进行血栓其他危险因素的常规管理,如戒烟,治疗高脂血症、高血压、糖尿病和肥胖以及解决久坐不动因素和雌二醇的使用问题。
由于该组中缺乏好的前瞻性研究,曾有动脉血栓的患者的最佳治疗方法仍存在争议。主张使用高强度的华法林疗法(INR 范围 3~4)对这些患者进行治疗。
如果患者已接受处于较高 INR 水平的抗凝治疗,其复发后治疗尤其困难。
妊娠治疗
APS 女性患者的妊娠治疗包括母体血栓形成并发症和病态妊娠的预防。APS 女性患者的妊娠在理想条件下应由经验丰富的多学科团队进行治疗,包括血液学专科医生、风湿病学专科医生和产科医生。几项随机对照试验在不同的 APS 孕妇患者群组中,对低剂量阿司匹林和/或肝素两种治疗方法进行了比较。[37]Branch DW, Silver RM, Blackwell JL, et al. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: an update of the Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:614-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1407882?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Lima F, Khamashta MA, Buchanan NM, et al. A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996;14:131-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8737718?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Rosove MH, Tabsh K, Wasserstrum N, et al. Heparin therapy for pregnant women with lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:630-634.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2107479?tool=bestpractice.com一项系统综述总结到,普通肝素和阿司匹林可改善妊娠结局,但需要进一步开展比较普通肝素和低分子量肝素疗效的试验。[40]Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, et al. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002859.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002859.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846641?tool=bestpractice.com由于很少有精心设计的研究,因此难以制定出针对这些患者的简明治疗指南。美国妇产科医师协会和英国皇家妇产科医师协会已更新了有关妊娠期间疾病预防和治疗的建议。[41]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin No. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1514-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168789?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. Green-top Guideline No. 37a. April 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-37a.pdf
没有血栓栓塞病史(产科 APS)的 APS 女性患者在妊娠期间以及产后 6~8 周,应单独接受预防性低剂量阿司匹林,或联合肝素用药。[5]Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1050-1057.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295/9/1050http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507806?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin No. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1514-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168789?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Mak A, Cheung MW, Cheak AA, et al. Combination of heparin and aspirin is superior to aspirin alone in enhancing live births in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and meta-regression. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:281-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965971?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Ziakas PD, Pavlou M, Voulgarelis M. Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:1256-1262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502298?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, et al. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002859.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002859.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846641?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. Green-top Guideline No. 37a. April 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-37a.pdf
有 APS 和血栓形成既往史的女性患者在妊娠期间及产后 6~8 周,应接受抗凝治疗。[41]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin No. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1514-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168789?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. Green-top Guideline No. 37a. April 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-37a.pdf
在妊娠 32 周后或胎儿生长受限病例的早期,应进行频繁的产前检查、连续的超声检查和分娩前检查。[41]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin No. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1514-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168789?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. Green-top Guideline No. 37a. April 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-37a.pdf
在妊娠期间密切监护很重要,因为 APS 女性患者具有不良妊娠结局的风险(先兆子痫、宫内生长受限和胎盘早剥)。[41]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin No. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1514-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168789?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Bouvier S, Cochery-Nouvellon E, Lavigne-Lissalde G, et al. Comparative incidence of pregnancy outcomes in treated obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: the NOH-APS observational study. Blood. 2014;123:404-413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200687?tool=bestpractice.com此类并发症需要多学科专家(血液病学、产科学和风湿病学)进行治疗。胎儿监测应包括在第 20~24 周进行的子宫动脉多普勒扫描,以检查双侧切口证据,这用于预测 APS 妇女是否有胎盘功能障碍。[46]Hunt BJ, Missfelder-Lobos H, Parra-Cordero M, et al. Pregnancy outcome and fibrinolytic, endothelial and coagulation markers in women undergoing uterine artery Doppler screening at 23 weeks. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:955-961.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03344.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19320824?tool=bestpractice.com如果结果异常,应进行连续的生长扫描,以对宫内生长受限进行监控。在产后期间,先前接受华法林的女性患者可重新使用华法林,并在分娩后停止肝素。虽然肌肉注射维生素 K 对于新生儿来说似乎是明智的治疗方法,但是当母亲服用肝素或华法林时,新生儿进行母乳喂养是安全的。接受辅助生殖技术的 aPL 女性患者,种植失败和抗磷脂抗体 (aPL) 的关系尚未得到证实。[47]Di Nisio M, Rutjes AW, Ferrante N, et al. Thrombophilia and outcomes of assisted reproduction technologies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2011;118:2670-2678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705498?tool=bestpractice.com
抗磷脂抗体(偶发性 aPL)的治疗
有抗磷脂抗体(狼疮抗凝物、抗心磷脂抗体和抗 β2 糖蛋白 I),但无血栓形成或相关产科并发症(如,不符合 APS 标准)的患者考虑有偶发性 aPL。此类患者血栓形成的风险增加,但不能识别处于风险中的特定患者。[48]Erkan D, Lockshin MD; APS ACTION members. APS ACTION - AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and International Networking. Lupus. 2012;21:695-698.http://lup.sagepub.com/content/21/7/695.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22635205?tool=bestpractice.com因此,应重点关注所有此类患者群体中心血管和静脉血栓栓塞性疾病的危险因素的处理。关于偶发性 aPL 患者使用阿司匹林的证据尚有争议。一些回顾性研究表明对血栓形成具有保护作用,[49]Hereng T, Lambert M, Hachulla E, et al. Influence of aspirin on the clinical outcomes of 103 anti-phospholipid antibodies-positive patients. Lupus. 2008;17:11-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089677?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG, et al. A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:924-929.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/8/924.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12154210?tool=bestpractice.com 而安慰剂对照试验表明没有此受益。[51]Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R, et al. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2382-2391.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22663/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599766?tool=bestpractice.com偶发性 aPL 患者的血栓形成预防:一项大规模双盲、安慰剂对照的阿司匹林对比安慰剂试验提供低等级证据表明,两组间的血栓形成率没有区别。[51]Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R, et al. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:2382-2391.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.22663/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599766?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,一项荟萃分析得出结论,接受阿司匹林治疗的有 aPL 的患者血栓形成的风险较低。[52]Arnaud L, Mathian A, Ruffatti A, et al. Efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: an international and collaborative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:281-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24189281?tool=bestpractice.com偶发性抗磷脂抗体 (aPL) 患者的血栓形成预防:一项荟萃分析和 2 项回顾性研究提供中等级证据表明,阿司匹林对该患者组中的抵抗血栓形成可能起保护作用。[49]Hereng T, Lambert M, Hachulla E, et al. Influence of aspirin on the clinical outcomes of 103 anti-phospholipid antibodies-positive patients. Lupus. 2008;17:11-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089677?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG, et al. A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:924-929.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/8/924.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12154210?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Arnaud L, Mathian A, Ruffatti A, et al. Efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: an international and collaborative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:281-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24189281?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。偶发性 aPL 女性在妊娠期间通常只服用阿司匹林,在产后 6 周内改用肝素以血栓预防。[41]Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin No. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1514-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168789?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Ziakas PD, Pavlou M, Voulgarelis M. Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:1256-1262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502298?tool=bestpractice.com
灾难性 APS 的治疗
灾难性 APS 是 APS 的一种罕见表现。患者由于广泛的血栓形成出现多器官损伤。[16]Erkan D, Lockshin MD. New approaches for managing antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2009;5:160-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19252521?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Aguiar CL, Erkan D. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: how to diagnose a rare but highly fatal disease. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5:305-314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836378/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294304?tool=bestpractice.com 血栓形成更常表现为微血管血栓形成而非大血管血栓形成。相关死亡率高(高达 50%)。患者需要进行积极的抗凝治疗,并考虑附属的免疫抑制疗法。治疗可包括皮质类固醇、免疫球蛋白和/或血浆置换。[16]Erkan D, Lockshin MD. New approaches for managing antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2009;5:160-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19252521?tool=bestpractice.com在难治性病例中,一些个案报道提示利妥昔单抗可能会有益处。[54]Rubenstein E, Arkfeld DG, Metyas S, et al. Rituximab treatment for resistant antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:355-357.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16465669?tool=bestpractice.com