检测无症状性的颅内动脉瘤是合理的,因为动脉瘤破裂与不良预后相关,并且治疗未破裂的动脉瘤死亡率和致残率都较低。[6]Schievink WI. Intracranial aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:28-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8970938?tool=bestpractice.com
目前认为磁共振血管造影 (MRA) 是筛查脑动脉瘤的首选检查,因为其无创且安全。其缺陷在于无法可靠地探查到直径<3mm的动脉瘤。[21]Maeder PP, Meuli RA, de Tribolet N. Three-dimensional volume rendering for magnetic resonance angiography in the screening and preoperative workup of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:1050-1055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8929494?tool=bestpractice.com计算机断层扫描血管造影 (CTA) 因需推注非离子型造影剂而使风险稍有增加,但该法采用的定位夹特别有助于脑血管成像。
对于有两个或以上家庭成员患脑动脉瘤或蛛网膜下出血的患者,需要筛查颅内动脉瘤。在这些病例中,高血压病史、吸烟史以及女性都是与动脉瘤高发病风险相关的危险因素。[22]Thompson BG, Brown RD Jr, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46:2368-2400.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/46/8/2368.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089327?tool=bestpractice.com对于特定遗传性综合征,也应进行筛查,这类患者包括 IV 型埃勒斯 - 当洛斯综合征以及常染色体显性多囊肾患者。[23]Schievink WI. Genetics of intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:651-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092838?tool=bestpractice.com对于主动脉缩窄患者以及小头骨发育异常原基性侏儒症患者,给予 CTA 或 MRA 检查也很明智。[22]Thompson BG, Brown RD Jr, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46:2368-2400.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/46/8/2368.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089327?tool=bestpractice.com最后,还建议筛查其一级亲属有脑动脉瘤家族史的患者,因阳性家族史可使动脉瘤的风险升高 2-7 倍。[24]Nakagawa T, Hashi K. The incidence and treatment of asymptomatic, unruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:217-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283259?tool=bestpractice.com
既往曾有脑动脉瘤的患者在将来形成新发动脉瘤的风险增高,每5年应进行一次筛查。[25]Rinne JK, Hernesniemi JA. De novo aneurysms: special multiple intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:981-985.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8134011?tool=bestpractice.com