并发症发病率
一般来说,经过快速和适当的抗生素和支持治疗,急性细菌性脑膜炎的预后极好。然而,预后的确取决于多种因素,例如年龄、是否存在并发症、致病性病原体以及临床表现的严重程度。对于成人细菌性脑膜炎患者,预后不良的危险因素包括高龄、患骨炎或鼻窦炎、入院时的格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分较低(例如,意识水平低)、心跳过速、无皮疹、血小板减少症、ESR 升高、脑脊液细胞计数较低以及血培养阳性。[21]van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1849-59.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040845#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15509818?tool=bestpractice.com
在细菌性脑膜炎后存活下来的儿童中,约有 15% 发生严重的后遗症,例如感音神经性耳聋、运动障碍、癫痫发作和智力障碍;[74]Baraff LJ, Lee SI, Schriger DL. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 May;12(5):389-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8327300?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Grimwood K, Anderson VA, Bond L, et al. Adverse outcomes of bacterial meningitis in school-age survivors. Pediatrics. 1995 May;95(5):646-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7536915?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Koomen I, Grobbee DE, Roord JJ, et al. Hearing loss at school age in survivors of bacterial meningitis: assessment, incidence, and prediction. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):1049-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595044?tool=bestpractice.com20% 至 30% 的患儿存在更轻微的不良结局,例如认知、学术以及行为方面的问题。[77]Koomen I, Grobbee DE, Roord JJ, et al. Prediction of academic and behavioural limitations in school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Oct;93(10):1378-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499961?tool=bestpractice.com 有高达 1/3 的细菌性脑膜炎成人患者有认知障碍。[78]Hoogman M, van de Beek D, Weisfelt D, et al. Cognitive outcome in adults after bacterial meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;78(10):1092-6.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/78/10/1092.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353256?tool=bestpractice.com
死亡率
细菌性脑膜炎儿童的病死率为 4%~10%,成人为 25%。[28]Chávez-Bueno S, McCracken GH Jr. Bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;52(3):795-810.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925663?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults: a review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jan 7;328(1):21-8.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199301073280104http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8416268?tool=bestpractice.com流感嗜血杆菌和无乳链球菌病死率为 3%-7%;肺炎链球菌病死率为 20%-25%;李斯特菌病死率为 30%-40%。[12]Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al; Active Surveillance Team. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 2;337(14):970-6.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199710023371404#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395430?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Geiseler PJ, Nelson KE, Levin S, et al. Community-acquired purulent meningitis: a review of 1,316 cases during the antibiotic era, 1954-1976. Rev Infect Dis. 1980 Sep-Oct;2(5):725-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6763303?tool=bestpractice.com 在两个极端年龄(即,新生儿和老年人)的患者中死亡率较高。[6]Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH Jr. Bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet. 2003 Jun 21;361(9375):2139-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12826449?tool=bestpractice.com
脑膜炎双球菌感染的总死亡率为 5%~10%。在有些病例中,隐球菌菌血症会自发缓解或者仅需数个短疗程口服或静脉抗生素治疗。在临床表现更严重的的儿童患者中,总的并发症发病率和死亡率相似。[81]Kuppermann N, Malley R, Inkelis SH, et al. Clinical and hematologic features do not reliably identify children with unsuspected meningococcal disease. Pediatrics. 1999 Feb;103(2):E20.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/2/e20.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925866?tool=bestpractice.com
脑膜炎患者的死亡率(5%)低于脑膜炎球菌性败血症患者(5%~40%)。大多数患者在发病的 24 小时之内死亡。青少年的死亡率高于年龄更小的儿童,且疾病暴发时的死亡率高于散发病例。[82]Brooks R, Woods CW, Benjamin DK Jr., et al. Increased case-fatality rate associated with outbreaks of Neisseria meningitidis infection, compared with sporadic meningococcal disease, in the United States, 1994-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):49-54.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/43/1/49/309696/Increased-Case-Fatality-Rate-Associated-withhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758417?tool=bestpractice.com