Brincidofovir (CMX001)
在安慰剂对照组剂量递增研究中,Brincidofovir (一种口服核酸类似物)大大减少了同种异体造血干细胞移植患者巨细胞病毒感染率。[48]Marty FM, Winston DJ, Rowley SD, et al. CMX001 to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 26;369(13):1227-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24066743?tool=bestpractice.com 腹泻是其剂量相关性不良反应。与安慰剂相比,一项 3 期试验未显示其在预防造血干细胞移植受者巨细胞病毒感染方面具有优势。[49]Marty FM, Winston DJ, Chemaly RF, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial of Oral Brincidofovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018 Oct 4 [Epub ahead of print].https://www.bbmt.org/article/S1083-8791(18)30605-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292744?tool=bestpractice.com
Letermovir (AIC246)
Letermovir一种口服抗CMV病毒化合物,其靶向作用于病毒末端酶复合物,在一项小型、开放、概念验证型实验研究中表明显著减少巨细胞病毒DNA拷贝数。[50]Stoelben S, Arns W, Renders L, et al. Preemptive treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients with letermovir: results of a Phase 2a study. Transpl Int. 2014 Jan;27(1):77-86.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tri.12225/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24164420?tool=bestpractice.com 肾移植患者的病毒清除率达到了50%(6/12),与之进行对比的对照组是进行随机标准治疗的移植患者,其病毒清除率为29%(2/7)。 在造血干细胞移植患者中开展的一个安慰剂对照、剂量关系试验研究表明,Letermovir有效降低巨细胞病毒感染率。 在此项研究中,高剂量耐受性好且有疗效最佳。[51]Chemaly RF, Ullmann AJ, Stoelben S, et al; AIC246 Study Team. Letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 8;370(19):1781-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24806159?tool=bestpractice.com 近期一项造血干细胞移植受者的随机对照临床试验显示,给予 14 周莱特莫韦,在移植后第 24 周时,巨细胞病毒感染的发生率比安慰剂组更低(分别为 37% 和 61%;P<0.001)。[52]Marty FM, Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, et al. Letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in cematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 21;377(25):2433-44.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1706640http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29211658?tool=bestpractice.com 莱特莫韦目前在美国和欧洲被批准用于预防造血干细胞移植受者的巨细胞病毒感染。
马立巴韦 (Maribavir)
马利巴韦是一种 CMV UL97 激酶抑制剂。 在早期临床试验中显示出有前景;然而,几项 III 期试验证明,移植后其在预防人 CMV 病毒血症方面不比安慰剂更有效。[53]Webel R, Hakki M, Prichard MN, et al. Differential properties of cytomegalovirus pUL97 kinase isoforms affect viral replication and maribavir susceptibility. J Virol. 2014 May;88(9):4776-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993794/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24522923?tool=bestpractice.com 评估马利巴韦治疗难治性巨细胞病毒的临床试验正在进行中。
巨细胞病毒疫苗
几种候选疫苗(包括减毒活疫苗、重组/嵌合病毒载体、重组亚单位疫苗或基于基因的疫苗)处于临床前和早期临床开发阶段。[35]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596116?tool=bestpractice.com 2期临床研究表明在孕妇以及移植患者中注射巨细胞病毒糖蛋白B包含MF59佐剂的疫苗可以减少了巨细胞病毒感染率。[54]Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, et al. Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 19;360(12):1191-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804749#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19297572?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Griffiths PD, Stanton A, McCarrell E, et al. Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein-B vaccine with MF59 adjuvant in transplant recipients: a phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Apr 9;377(9773):1256-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075549/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481708?tool=bestpractice.com 一种双价DNA疫苗减少了巨细胞病毒阳性与同种异体造血干细胞移植患者发生或复发巨细胞感染率。[56]Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Boeckh M, Wilck MB, et al. A novel therapeutic cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine in allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;12(4):290-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237175?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在一项接受CMV血清学阳性供体肾脏的CMV血清学阴性肾移植受者的 II 期临床试验中,与安慰剂相比,二价 DNA 疫苗不能预防需要抗病毒药物的CMV血症发作。[57]Vincenti F, Budde K, Merville P, et al. A randomized, phase 2 study of ASP0113, a DNA-based vaccine, for the prevention of CMV in CMV-seronegative kidney transplant recipients receiving a kidney from a CMV-seropositive donor. Am J Transplant. 2018 May 9 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29745007?tool=bestpractice.com 在 I 期研究中,一种嵌合疫苗已被证明可以减少接受造血干细胞移植患者的CMV血症。[58]Nakamura R, La Rosa C, Longmate J, et al. Viraemia, immunogenicity, and survival outcomes of cytomegalovirus chimeric epitope vaccine supplemented with PF03512676 (CMVPepVax) in allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: randomised phase 1b trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 Feb;3(2):e87-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926626/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26853648?tool=bestpractice.com
采用T细胞疗法
获得性免疫在控制巨细胞病毒的关键作用目前正在开展系列临床试验,即向患有难治性和抗巨细胞病毒疾病患者体内注入巨细胞病毒特异性CD8T+细胞。[59]Scheinberg P, Melenhorst JJ, Brenchley JM, et al. The transfer of adaptive immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is dependent on the specificity and phenotype of CMV-specific T cells in the donor. Blood. 2009 Dec 3;114(24):5071-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776383?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫监测
监测 CMV 特异性 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞应答可能是改善预防与治疗策略的一个有前景的方法。[60]Snyder LD, Chan C, Kwon D, et al. Polyfunctional T-cell signatures to predict protection from cytomegalovirus after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Jan 1;193(1):78-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26372850?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Manuel O, Husain S, Kumar D, et al. Assessment of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity for the prediction of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk solid-organ transplant recipients: a multicenter cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;56(6):817-24.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/6/817.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23196955?tool=bestpractice.com 例如,强细胞介导免疫应答患者可以早期安全停用抗病毒药物。当前正在进行干预性研究。